There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis, our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker--we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.

/pdf/why-do-some-countries-produce-so-much-more-output-per-worker-r25pge75qn.pdf

Why Do Some Countries Produce so Much More Output Per Worker than Others

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker—we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language. In 1988 output per worker in the United States was more than 35 times higher than output per worker in Niger. In just over ten days the average worker in the United States produced as much as an average worker in Niger produced in an entire year. Explaining such vast differences in economic performance is one of the fundamental challenges of economics. Analysis based on an aggregate production function provides some insight into these differences, an approach taken by Mankiw, Romer, and Weil [1992] and Dougherty and Jorgenson [1996], among others. Differences among countries can be attributed to differences in human capital, physical capital, and productivity. Building on their analysis, our results suggest that differences in each element of the production function are important. In particular, however, our results emphasize the key role played by productivity. For example, consider the 35-fold difference in output per worker between the United States and Niger. Different capital intensities in the two countries contributed a factor of 1.5 to the income differences, while different levels of educational attainment contributed a factor of 3.1. The remaining difference—a factor of 7.7—remains as the productivity residual. * A previous version of this paper was circulated under the title ‘‘The Productivity of Nations.’’ This research was supported by the Center for Economic Policy Research at Stanford and by the National Science Foundation under grants SBR-9410039 (Hall) and SBR-9510916 (Jones) and is part of the National Bureau of Economic Research’s program on Economic Fluctuations and Growth. We thank Bobby Sinclair for excellent research assistance and colleagues too numerous to list for an outpouring of helpful commentary. Data used in the paper are available online from http://www.stanford.edu/,chadj.

/pdf/why-do-some-countries-produce-so-much-more-output-per-worker-4zwsdbv6gk.pdf

Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others

http://experimentationlab.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/AFMImages/butt_AFM.pdf

Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to the development of autonomous decision-making processes, allowing customers to delegate decisions and tasks. Such technologies have the potential to alter the retailing landscape. Grounded in the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and Hofstede's cultural theory, this article investigates customers’ adoption of AI-based autonomous decision-making processes by analyzing 454 customer responses using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The results reveal that effort expectancy, performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and social influence are positively associated with customers’ adoption of autonomous decision-making processes. Collectivism strengthened the positive association of social influence with customer attitude, whereas uncertainty avoidance dampened the associations of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence with attitude. The findings provide useful implications for system developers and managers while providing future researchers with directions to further explore autonomous decision-making processes.

/pdf/why-do-retail-customers-adopt-artificial-intelligence-ai-3ff3h65u.pdf

Why Do Retail Customers Adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Autonomous Decision-Making Systems?

Microtubules (MTs) play important and diverse roles in eukaryotic cells. Their function and biophysical properties have made α−and β−tubulin, the main components of MTs, the subject of intense study. Interfering with normal MT dynamics, for example, by the addition of tubulin ligands, can cause the cell great distress and affect MT stability and functions, including mitosis, cell motion and intracellular organelle transport. It has been shown in the literature that tubulin is an important target molecule for developing anticancer drugs. Tubulin binding molecules have generated considerable interest after the successful
introduction of the taxanes into clinical oncology and the widespread use of the vinca alkaloids vincristine and
vinblastine. These compounds inhibit cell mitosis by binding to the protein tubulin in the mitotic spindle and
preventing polymerization into the MTs. This mode of action is also shared with other natural agents eg colchicine and podophyllotoxin. However various tubulin isotypes have shown resistance to taxanes and other MT agents. Therefore, there is a strong need to design and develop new natural analogs as antimitotic agents to interact with tubulin at sites different from those of vinca alkaloids and taxanes. This minireview provides SAR on several classes of antimitotic agents reported in the literature. The structures and data given are essential to the scientists who are involved in drug design and development in the field of anticancer drugs.

Microtubulin binding sites as target for developing anticancer agents

Background: Pregnancy related acute renal (PRARF) failure is more common in developing countries than developed country. Improved antenatal care and obstetric care reduce PRARF in developed country. In Bangladesh maternal mortality rate is 3.8/1000 population of which 25% account for acute renal failure. We try to find out cause, risk factor and out come of pregnancy related acute renal failure. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was done to observe the status of ARF in pregnancy in Nephrology Department of Dhaka Medical College during 2007-2008. All patients were undergone detail history, clinical examination and investigation and follow up during hospital stay. Data recorded in predesigned case record form. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS soft ware 12.5 package. All data presented as mean or percentage. The Chi square test or Fishers exact test was used to compare differences in the frequency of clinical manifestations among cases. P value <0.05 count as significant. Results: Among 57 women, the mean age was 27±6.6 years range from 17-43 years. Sixty seven percent were multrigravidae, 51% (29) was on irregular antenatal care, and 67% below primary level of education. Renal failure occur mainly in 3rd trimester of pregnancy (31.4±7.4 weeks). Common presentation is with generalized swelling (51%)and oligouria (52%) with reduce haemoglobin and leucocytosis. The mean creatinine was 6.7±3mg/dl in this series. Lower uterine caeserian section (LUCS) done in 23% cases. 56.1% had severe renal failure and 47% patients required dialysis. Complete recovery was seen in 63% cases while, 31% died and 6% patient have incomplete recovery with persistent dialysis dependent status. Septicaemia (43%) and eclampsia (19%) were the main cause of PRARF, others causes were PPH, APH, ruptured ectopic pregnancy. In 3% patients, actual cause was not identified. Poor antenatal care (p-0.027 ), severity of renal failure (p-0.066), patient requiring dialysis (p-0.025), LUCS (0.028), septicaemia (p-0.026) and low level of education (0.036) have significant effect on outcome. Conclusion: Pregnancy related acute renal failure is common with increased mortality in our study due to poor antenatal care, low level of education and multiple pregnancy. Improve obstetrical care and Nephrological care may reduce Pregnancy related acute renal failure and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v13i2.12739 J Medicine 2012; 13 : 129-132

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad_Ashik_Khan/publication/273267350_Pregnancy_Related_Acute_Renal_Failure_in_a_Tertiary_Care_Hospital_in_Bangladesh/links/5623adc808aed8dd1948bec1.pdf

Pregnancy Related Acute Renal Failure in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Entrepreneurship development: An operational approach : text & cases with special reference to Bangladesh

Pluralism and the co-existence of a variety of different medical systems within a chosen context are common features in various settings. How do the different systems or practices interact? Is it plausible to develop an integrated health system (combining both biomedical and alternative medicines) within the national system in a medically pluralist society? This study was set in the urban slum of Balubad, located in Marikina city, The Philippines. It employed qualitative research methods, including individual interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire, and informal discussions. Two categories of respondent were selected by systematic and purposive sampling, and included community female and male respondents and practitioners of different healing systems. I found three significant trends: firstly, biomedical and alternative health practices exist in parallel but are not mixed. Secondly, there is little possibility of biomedical and alternative health professionals working together; they prefer to stay separate. Finally, although there is enormous socio-economic disparity between biomedical professionals and alternative healers, there is no tension between the two groups.

/pdf/pluralism-parallel-medical-practices-and-the-question-of-2yvrim5ako.pdf

Nazrul Islam

Papers

Why Do Retail Customers Adopt Artificial Intelligence (AI) Based Autonomous Decision-Making Systems?

Microtubulin binding sites as target for developing anticancer agents

Pregnancy Related Acute Renal Failure in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Entrepreneurship development: An operational approach : text & cases with special reference to Bangladesh

Pluralism, parallel medical practices and the question of tension: the Philippines experience