Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review.

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

When exposed to stressful conditions, plants accumulate an array of metabolites, particularly amino acids. Amino acids have traditionally been considered as precursors to and constituents of proteins, and play an important role in plant metabolism and development. A large body of data suggests a positive correlation between proline accumulation and plant stress. Proline, an amino acid, plays a highly beneficial role in plants exposed to various stress conditions. Besides acting as an excellent osmolyte, proline plays three major roles during stress, i.e., as a metal chelator, an antioxidative defense molecule and a signaling molecule. Review of the literature indicates that a stressful environment results in an overproduction of proline in plants which in turn imparts stress tolerance by maintaining cell turgor or osmotic balance; stabilizing membranes thereby preventing electrolyte leakage; and bringing concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within normal ranges, thus preventing oxidative burst ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/psb.21949

Role of proline under changing environments: a review.

Heavy metals are among the most important sorts of contaminant in the environment. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective. This paper aims to compile some information about heavy metals of arsenic, lead, and mercury (As, Pb, and Hg) sources, effects and their treatment. It also reviews deeply about phytoremediation technology, including the heavy metal uptake mechanisms and several research studies associated about the topics. Additionally, it describes several sources and the effects of As, Pb, and Hg on the environment, the advantages of this kind of technology for reducing them, and also heavy metal uptake mechanisms in phytoremediation technology as well as the factors affecting the uptake mechanisms. Some recommended plants which are commonly used in phytoremediation and their capability to reduce the contaminant are also reported.

/pdf/a-review-on-heavy-metals-as-pb-and-hg-uptake-by-plants-2mz87idda6.pdf

A Review on Heavy Metals (As, Pb, and Hg) Uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rupam_Kapoor/publication/26881549_Arbuscular_mycorrhizal_fungi_in_alleviation_of_salt_stress_A_review/links/0c960523fd2cc5ec7f000000.pdf

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review.

Overexpression of γ-tocopherol methyl transferase gene in transgenic Brassica juncea plants alleviates abiotic stress: Physiological and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements

Cell lines of a salt-sensitive cultivar of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. JL24) were selected on media amended with high NaCl concentrations. Comparative analyses of the water status and ionic relations of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cell lines showed a decrease in the water potential (ψw) and solute potential (ψπ) with increases in salt stress. However, the maintenance of cellular turgor indicated active osmotic adjustments in response to salinity stress. In addition to the extrusion of Na+ in the NaCl-selected cell lines, a significant accumulation of proline was observed, which was probably associated with osmotic adjustments and the protection of membrane integrity. The addition of proline to the culture medium alleviated the salt stress-induced decline in fresh weight accumulation and reduced peroxidative damage to the lipid membranes, both in a concentration-dependent manner.

Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

[Abstract] Plant cells continually produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a by-product of aerobic metabolism. Increased production of ROS occurs under unfavorable conditions imposed by various abiotic and biotic factors. Accumulation of ROS is damaging to various cellular components and macromolecules including plasma membrane, nucleic acids, and proteins and eventually leads to cell death. In this protocol, we describe the histochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2 ) anion, two of the most important ROS, in Brassica juncea seedlings by using 3, 3ʹ-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and Nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT) as the chromogenic substrate. DAB is oxidized by H2O2 in the presence of peroxidases and produces reddish brown precipitate. NBT reacts with O2 to form a dark blue insoluble formazan compound. The protocol can be used in other plant species and for different plant tissues.

/pdf/histochemical-detection-of-superoxide-and-h2o2-accumulation-1h134pxra6.pdf

Neera Bhalla Sarin

Papers

Overexpression of γ-tocopherol methyl transferase gene in transgenic Brassica juncea plants alleviates abiotic stress: Physiological and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements

Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Histochemical Detection of Superoxide and H2O2 Accumulation in Brassica juncea Seedlings

Differential response of arsenic stress in two varieties of Brassica juncea L.

The effect of TDZ on organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp)