다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Simulation and the monte carlo method

The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2015.1008192

An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes

Perovskite materials use earth-abundant elements, have low formation energies for deposition and are compatible with roll-to-roll and other high-volume manufacturing techniques. These features make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suitable for terawatt-scale energy production with low production costs and low capital expenditure. Demonstrations of performance comparable to that of other thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) and improvements in laboratory-scale cell stability have recently made scale up of this PV technology an intense area of research focus. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs and related efforts to enable the terawatt-scale manufacturing and deployment of this PV technology. We discuss common device and module architectures, scalable deposition methods and progress in the scalable deposition of perovskite and charge-transport layers. We also provide an overview of device and module stability, module-level characterization techniques and techno-economic analyses of perovskite PV modules. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a revolutionary class of photovoltaic technology. Here, we review recent progress and challenges in scaling up PSCs towards commercialization. We discuss several areas, including device architectures, deposition methods, scalable deposition of perovskite and charge transport layers, device stability, module-level characterization and techno-economic analyses.

Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells

Photocatalytic materials and technologies for air purification.

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have played a pivotal role in driving the continuous development of optoelectronics technologies, which include organic optoelectronic applications. In recent years, there has been huge interest in designing innovative TCEs to replace the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, which suffer from complex fabrication issues and are incompatible with flexible, wearable electronic devices. In this regard, TCEs based on metal meshes are considered to be the best candidates because of their inherently high electrical conductivity, optical transparency, mechanical robustness and, more importantly, cost-competitiveness. In this review, we describe the technology developments of metal mesh-based transparent conductors and their applications in organic optoelectronic devices, including organic and perovskite solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices etc. Specifically, we discuss the fundamental features, optoelectronic properties, fabrication techniques and device applications of metal mesh TCEs. We also highlight the important criteria for evaluating the performance of metal mesh electrodes and propose some new research directions in this emerging field.

Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review

Improving the ohmic contact and interfacial morphology between an electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite film is the key to boost the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the current work, an amorphous– crystalline heterophase tin oxide bilayer (Bi-SnO2) ETL is prepared via a lowtemperature solution process. Compared with the amorphous SnO2 sol–gel film (SG-SnO2) or the crystalline SnO2 nanoparticle (NP-SnO2) counterparts, the heterophase Bi-SnO2 ETL exhibits improved surface morphology, considerably fewer oxygen defects, and better energy band alignment with the perovskite without sacrificing the optical transmittance. The best PSC device (active area ≈ 0.09 cm2) based on a Bi-SnO2 ETL is hysteresis-less and achieves an outstanding power conversion efficiency of ≈20.39%, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for SnO2-triple cation perovskite system based on green antisolvent. More fascinatingly, large-area PSCs (active areas of ≈3.55 cm2) based on the Bi-SnO2 ETL also achieves an extraordinarily high efficiency of ≈14.93% with negligible hysteresis. The improved device performance of the Bi-SnO2-based PSC arises predominantly from the improved ohmic contact and suppressed bimolecular recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface. The tailored morphology and energy band structure of the Bi-SnO2 has enabled the scalable fabrication of highly efficient, hysteresis-less PSCs.

Dopant‐Free, Amorphous–Crystalline Heterophase SnO 2 Electron Transport Bilayer Enables >20% Efficiency in Triple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Boosting the Efficiency of SnO2-Triple Cation Perovskite System Beyond 20% Using Nonhalogenated Antisolvent

Flexible, large-area, all-solid-state supercapacitors using spray deposited PEDOT:PSS/reduced-graphene oxide

Fabrication of high-quality, low-cost and large-scale solution processable inorganic hole-transport layers (HTLs) for planar p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still a challenge that must be overcome to produce stable devices. Herein, we demonstrate the development of large-scale (>60 cm2), highly uniform and dopant-free NiO films via spray pyrolysis, and we show their subsequent application as a HTL in triple-cation PSCs. The spray deposited NiO films are highly crystalline in nature with a (111) oriented nanostructured morphology. We show outstanding optoelectronic properties (Eg ≈ 3.78 eV, work function ≈ 4.86 eV) that led to improved optical absorption and better energy band alignment with the perovskite layer. Compared to the state-of-the-art PEDOT:PSS based PSCs, these spray-deposited NiO-based devices exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼17.3%, which is the highest reported value for dopant-free NiO-based PSCs prepared via the spray-deposition technique. More importantly, the NiO based PSCs also showed extremely high reproducibility and scalable device performance, achieving a PCE of 12.3% at an aperture area of ∼1.04 cm2. Moreover, unencapsulated PSCs employing spray-deposited NiO exhibited outstanding stability, maintaining ∼87% PCE after 4500 h of aging in a N2 atmosphere, and encapsulated devices exhibited much better stability retaining >82% of the initial PCE after 200 h in a harsh environment (85 °C, 85% relative humidity).

Neetesh Kumar

Papers

Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review

Dopant‐Free, Amorphous–Crystalline Heterophase SnO 2 Electron Transport Bilayer Enables >20% Efficiency in Triple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells

Boosting the Efficiency of SnO2-Triple Cation Perovskite System Beyond 20% Using Nonhalogenated Antisolvent

Flexible, large-area, all-solid-state supercapacitors using spray deposited PEDOT:PSS/reduced-graphene oxide

Large-area, green solvent spray deposited nickel oxide films for scalable fabrication of triple-cation perovskite solar cells