The current evidence suggests that many diet and exercise interventions to prevent obesity in children are not effective in preventing weight gain, but can be effective in promoting a healthy diet and increased physical activity levels.Being very overweight (obese) can cause health, psychological and social problems for children. Children who are obese are more likely to have weight and health problems as adults. Programmes designed to prevent obesity focus on modifying one or more of the factors considered to promote obesity.This review included 22 studies that tested a variety of intervention programmes, which involved increased physical activity and dietary changes, singly or in combination. Participants were under 18 and living in Asia, South America, Europe or North America. There is not enough evidence from trials to prove that any one particular programme can prevent obesity in children, although comprehensive strategies to address dietary and physical activity change, together with psycho-social support and environmental change may help. There was a trend for newer interventions to involve their respective communities and to include evaluations.Future research might usefully assess changes made on behalf of entire populations, such as improvements in the types of foods available at schools and in the availability of safe places to run and play, and should assess health effects and costs over several years.The programmes in this review used different strategies to prevent obesity so direct comparisons were difficult. Also, the duration of the studies ranged from 12 weeks to three years, but most lasted less than a year.

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Interventions for preventing obesity in children

Pedagogia do Oprimido

Background The World Health Organization estimates that 19 million deaths worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity Chronic diseases associated with physical inactivity include cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease Objectives The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents Search strategy The search strategy included searching several databases In addition, reference lists of included articles and background papers were reviewed for potentially relevant studies, as well as references from relevant Cochrane reviews Primary authors of included studies were contacted as needed for additional information Selection criteria To be included, the intervention had to be relevant to public health practice, implemented, facilitated, or promoted by staff in local public health units, implemented in a school setting and aimed at increasing physical activity, report on outcomes for children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18 years), and use a prospective design with a control group Data collection and analysis Standardized tools were used by two independent reviewers to rate each studyﾒs methodological quality and for data extraction Where discrepancies existed discussion occurred until consensus was reached The results were summarized narratively due to wide variations in the populations, interventions evaluated and outcomes measured Main results 13,841 titles were identified and screened and 482 articles were retrieved Multiple publications on the same project were combined and counted as one project, resulting in 395 distinct project accounts (studies) Of the 395 studies 104 were deemed relevant and of those, four were assessed as having strong methodological quality, 22 were of moderate quality and 78 were considered weak In total 26 studies were included in the review There is good evidence that school-based physical activity interventions have a positive impact on four of the nine outcome measures Specifically positive effects were observed for duration of physical activity, television viewing, VO2 max, and blood cholesterol Generally school-based interventions had no effect on leisure time physical activity rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and pulse rate At a minimum, a combination of printed educational materials and changes to the school curriculum that promote physical activity result in positive effects Authors' conclusions Given that there are no harmful effects and that there is some evidence of positive effects on lifestyle behaviours and physical health status measures, ongoing physical activity promotion in schools is recommended at this time

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School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18.

Capitulo 1 : Nao ha docencia sem discencia - O autor inicia o capitulo 1 fazendo algumas consideracoes sobre a pratica docente. Nao existe docencia sem discencia! Essa e a principal licao deste capitulo. O docente deve aliar a teoria a pratica, incentivando a producao do conhecimento pelo aluno. Deve remove-lo da condicao de mero aprendiz, de mero receptor do conhecimento. Para que isto ocorra, porem, uma mudanca na mentalidade e necessaria. Nao na cabeca do aluno, mas na cabeca do professor. Ele deve estar ciente de sua funcao de incentivador a producao do conhecimento pelo proprio aluno, pensando de forma critica sobre a relacao ensino-aprendizagem. E indispensavel que o formando desde o principio assuma-se como sujeito da producao do saber se convenca definitivamente de que ensinar nao e transferir conhecimento. Questiona a funcao de educador autoritario e conservador, que nao permite a participacao dos educandos, suas curiosidades, insubmissoes, e as suas vivencias adquiridas no decorrer da vida e do seu meio social. Capitulo 2: Ensinar nao e transferir conhecimento - Saber que ensinar nao e transferir conhecimento, mas cria as possibilidades para a sua propria producao ou sua construcao. Quando um docente entra em uma sala de aula ele devera estar aberto a indagacoes, a curiosidade, as perguntas dos alunos, as suas inibicoes. Um ser critico e inquiridor, inquieto em face da tarefa que tem- a de ensinar e nao a de transferir conhecimento. E preciso insistir: este saber necessario ao professor - que ensinar nao e transferir conhecimento-nao apenas precisa ser aprendido por ele e pelos educandos, mas tambem precisa ser constantemente testemunhado, vivido. Capitulo 3: Ensinar e uma especificidade humana - Uma das qualidades essenciais que a autoridade docente democratica deve revelar em suas relacoes com as liberdades dos alunos e a seguranca em si mesma. E a seguranca que se expressa na firmeza com que atua com que decide com que respeita as liberdades, com que discute suas proprias posicoes, com que aceita rever-se. Segura de si, a autoridade nao necessita de, a cada instante, fazer um discurso sobre sua existencia, sobre si mesmo. Segura de si, ela e porque tem autoridade, porque a exerce com indiscutivel sabedoria. Todo professor deve sempre levar a serio sua formacao, sempre estar atualizado, se esforcando para tarefa de lecionar. Deve tratar todos os alunos com carinho, respeito, sem arrogância, sem ar de superioridade para que a construcao do conhecimento se de fato e entre ambos. Uma sala quieta nao significa aprendizado. Todo educador precisa ser seguro no andar, falar e principalmente ensinar pois querendo ou nao materia mas e poder satisfazer tambem a curiosidade de seus alunos sendo gentil e dizer “vou procurar e trago da proxima vez”. Com essas caracteristicas voce sera um bom educador.

PEDAGOGIA DA AUTONOMIA: Saberes Necessários à Prática Educativa

La toma de decisiones en la practica diaria del enfermero necesita ser basada en conocimiento cientifico. La practica basada en evidencias es una aproximacion que establece la utilizacion de resultados de investigaciones en la practica clinica, con la revision integradora como uno de sus recursos. La finalidad de esta revision integradora es buscar y evaluar las evidencias disponibles sobre las intervenciones eficaces de enfermeria para la prevencion de lesiones de piel en el paciente quirurgico, en el periodo transoperatorio, o como resultado del mismo. Utilizamos dos bases de datos, Cinahl y Medline, para la seleccion de los articulos, resultando en una muestra de 14 articulos. Tras el analisis de los articulos incluidos en la revision, los resultados de los estudios indicaron que los dispositivos considerados los mas eficaces en la prevencion de lesiones de piel fueron, sucesivamente, el sistema de colchon dinamico pulsante multi-celula, la almohada de polimero seco visco-elastico y almohadas con gel.

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Prevención de lesiones de piel en el perioperatorio: revisión integradora de la literatura

Cuidado de enfermagem na promoção do diálogo mãe e filha adolescente: estudo descritivo

This paper consists of an analysis on legislation that defines public policy for disabled people. The paper aims to discuss health promotion, based on the Ottawa Charter for health promotion. We used legislation from 80’s, 90’s and 00’s which was obtained from the Ministry of Health website and the operation manual for disabled people. The selected documents were submitted to exploratory reading seeking for the presence or absence of the pillars of health promotion: the strengthening of community action, development of personal skills and reorientation of health services. As a conclusion, we may infer that it is very difficult to reasoning on health promotion versus public policy, when taken into account compliance to autonomy, empowerment and social inclusion. Lastly, it follows from this paradigm, the necessity of nurses, other health professionals and society to avoid prejudice against the inclusion of disabled people.

An analysis on the legislation for disabled people: descriptive-exploratory study

Objective: to analyze the speeches of HIV positive patients, in order to identify their level of behavioral change from the Stages of Change Model of Prochaska and DiClemente. Method: qualitative study, documentary and descriptive type. The data were produced through the records filled in group care, with 53 patients and six companions, organized and analyzed, read and re-read by the technique of content analysis, establishing categories for the interpretation. The research project has been approved by the Ethics Committee in Research, Protocol No. 249/09. Results: in the pre-contemplative stage, AIDS was perceived as a no important disease; in the contemplative stage, patients recognised the seriousness of the disease; in preparation stage, the patient has set goals and reflected about to treatment; in the action stage, they reported changes in health habits. Conclusion: to assess the motivational stages is essential for professional in health promotion obtain consistent results with individuals, groups and families. Descriptors: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Health Promotion; Health Education; Self-help Groups. RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os discursos dos pacientes soropositivos ao HIV, a fim de identificar o nível de mudança de comportamento destes a partir do Modelo de Estágios de Mudança de Prochaska e DiClemente. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo documental e descritivo. Os dados foram produzidos através de registros preenchidos no atendimento grupal, com 53 pacientes e seis acompanhantes, organizados e analisados, lidos e relidos pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, estabelecendo categorias para a interpretação. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Protocolo no 249/09. Resultados: no estágio précontemplativo, a AIDS foi percebida como uma doença sem importância; no contemplativo, os pacientes reconheceram a gravidade da doença; no de preparação, o paciente fixou metas e refletiu em relação ao tratamento; no de ação, referiram mudanças nos hábitos de saúde. Conclusão: avaliar os estágios motivacionais é essencial para que o profissional atuante na promoção da saúde obtenha resultados consistentes com indivíduos, grupos e famílias. Descritores: Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida; Promoção da Saúde; Educação em Saúde; Grupos de Autoajuda. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los discursos de los pacientes seropositivos al VIH, a fin de identificar el nivel de cambios de comportamento de estos, a partir del Modelo de Etapas de Cambio de Prochaska y DiClemente. Método: estudio cualitativo, del tipo documental y descriptivo. Los datos fueron producidos a través de registros completados en el atendimiento grupal, con 53 pacientes y seis acompañantes, organizados y analizados, leídos y releídos por la técnica de análisis de contenido, estableciendo categorías para la interpretación. El proyecto de investigación fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética em Investigación, Protocolo no 249/09. Resultados: en la etapa pre-contemplativa, el SIDA fue visto como una enfermedad sin importancia; en la contemplativa, los pacientes reconocieron la gravidez de la enfermedad; en la de preparación, el paciente fijó metas y reflxionó en relación al tratamiento; en la de acción, referieron cambios en los hábitos de salud. Conclusión: evaluar las etapas motivacionales es esencial para que el profesional actuante en la promoción de la salud obtenga resultados consistentes con individuos, grupos y familias. Descritores: Síndrome de la Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida; Promoción de la Salud; Educación en Salud; Grupos de Autoayuda. Nurse, Master degree in Nursing, Federal Institute of Ceará/IFCE. Federal University of Ceará/UFC. Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. Email: agnespinto@hotmail.com; Nurse, Master degree in Nursing, University Hospital Walter Cantídio, Federal University of Ceará/UFC. Fortaleza(CE), Brazil. Email: lt.fiuza@hotmail.com; Nurse, PhD Professor in Nursing, Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará/UFC. Fortaleza(CE), Brazil. Email: neyva.pinheiro@yahoo.com.br; Nurse, Post PhD, Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará/UFC. Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. Email: neivafrancenely@hotmail.com; Nurse, PhD Professor Tropical Desease, Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará/UFC. Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. Email: marligalvao@hotmail.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pinto ACS, Fiuza MLT, Pinheiro PNC. Stages of change in hiv carriers of the...

Stages of change in hiv carriers of the self-help group

Integrative review of studies of educational actions for patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction/Revisao integrativa de estudos sobre acoes educativas para portadores de bexiga neurogenica/Revision integradora de estudios sobre acciones educativas para personas con vejiga urinaria neurogenica

Objective: To know the effects of clown therapy in the child's hospitalization. Method: Descriptive exploratory study with qualitative approach, carried out from August to September 2012 with the nursing staff of a pediatric hospital in the city of Cajazeiras, PB, Brazil. Results: The main problems inherent to the hospitalization process, in the view of nursing professionals, consisted in changing the natural environment of the child and the length of stay in the hospital. Among the modifications caused by clown therapy, we identified the spontaneous bonding between the nursing staff, children and their respective guardians, facilitating the understanding and their cooperation in all stages of care. Conclusion: Clown therapy was proved to be a facilitator of specific nursing practices and in the individual and collective aspect of hospitalized children, bringing them the prospect of health promotion. Descriptors: Play, Hospitalized child, Pediatric nursing. Objetivo: Analisar as repercussoes da Clownterapia no processo de hospitalizacao da crianca. Metodo: Estudo exploratorio-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido no periodo de agosto a setembro de 2012 junto a equipe de Enfermagem de hospital pediatrico do municipio de Cajazeiras, PB. Resultados: Os principais problemas inerentes ao processo de hospitalizacao da crianca, na otica dos profissionais de enfermagem, consistiram na mudanca do ambiente natural da crianca e no tempo de permanencia no hospital. Dentre as modificacoes dadas a partir da Clownterapia, notou-se a formacao espontânea de vinculos entre a equipe de enfermagem, as criancas e seus respectivos responsaveis, facilitando a compreensao e colaboracao destes em todas as etapas do cuidar. Conclusao: A Clownterapia mostra-se como facilitadora das praticas especificas da enfermagem no aspecto individual e coletivo das criancas hospitalizadas, trazendo a perspectiva de promocao da saude para estes sujeitos. Descritores: Ludico, Crianca hospitalizada, Enfermagem pediatrica.

Neiva Francenely Cunha Vieira

Papers

Cuidado de enfermagem na promoção do diálogo mãe e filha adolescente: estudo descritivo

An analysis on the legislation for disabled people: descriptive-exploratory study

Stages of change in hiv carriers of the self-help group

Integrative review of studies of educational actions for patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction/Revisao integrativa de estudos sobre acoes educativas para portadores de bexiga neurogenica/Revision integradora de estudios sobre acciones educativas para personas con vejiga urinaria neurogenica

Repercussões da clownterapia no processo de hospitalização da criança