Antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions extracted from Laminaria japonica

Bacterial sepsis in the neonate is a clinical syndrome characterized by systemic signs of infection and accompanied by bacteremia in the first month of life. Meningitis in the neonate usually is a sequela of bacteremia and is discussed in this chapter because meningitis and sepsis typically share a common cause and pathogenesis. Infections of the bones, joints, and soft tissues and of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts can be accompanied by bacteremia, but the cause, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of these infections are sufficiently different to warrant separate discussions. Sepsis and meningitis caused by group B Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella species, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are described in other chapters.

Bacterial Sepsis and Meningitis

Macrophages and fibrosis: How resident and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes orchestrate all phases of tissue injury and repair.

Introduction:Knowledge of pathogens causing infections in young infants (up to 90 days of life) is essential for devising community-based management strategies. Most etiological data from developing countries are hospital-based and may have little relevance to communities in which most babies are bo

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Pathogens associated with sepsis in newborns and young infants in developing countries.

https://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(14)01181-6/pdf/urinary-tract-infections-in-children-eau-espu-guidelines

Urinary Tract Infections in Children: EAU/ESPU Guidelines

We evaluated the clinical, radiological and metabolic features of 162 children with urolithiasis or microlithiasis who had been referred to our pediatric nephrology clinics between 1998 and 2008 with suspected urolithiasis. The medical histories of these children (78 girls, 84 boys), who ranged in age from 2 months to 16 years (mean age 5.59 ± 0.35 years), were reviewed retrospectively for clinical and metabolic features of urinary tract calculi. Urinary tract infections (UTI) were present in 45.9% of the cases. The most common presenting symptoms were flank pain or restlessness (25.3%) and hematuria (21.6%), followed by UTI (16%), whereas 23.5% of the cases were detected incidentally during evaluation for other medical conditions. Other symptoms at presentation included dysuria, passing stones, penile edema, enuresis, vomiting and anorexia. Urine analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities in 87% of the cases, including hypercalciuria (33.8%), hypocitraturia (33.1%), hyperoxaluria (26.5%), hyperuricosuria (25.4%), hypocitraturia + hypercalciuria (21.1%), hyperphosphaturia (20.8%) and cystinuria (5.7%). Almost 50% of the patients had a positive family history for urolithiasis. The most frequently involved site was in the kidneys (86%). Ureters and bladder were involved in 12 and 2% of the cases, respectively. A family history of urolithiasis, presenting symptoms and underlying metabolic abnormalities were similar for microlithiasis and the patients with larger stones. However, in our study population, microlithiasis was mainly a disease of young infants, with a greater chance for remission and often not associated with structural changes. The presenting symptoms of urolithiasis show a wide spectrum, so that a high index of suspicion is important for early detection. A metabolic abnormality can be identified in 87% of cases of urolithiasis. Detection of microlithiasis may explain a number of symptoms, thus reducing invasive diagnostic procedures and allowing early recognition of metabolic abnormalities. These results draw attention to the importance of screening for UTIs in patients with urolithiasis.

Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children.

The protective effect of oxytocin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Oxytocin alleviates oxidative renal injury in pyelonephritic rats via a neutrophil-dependent mechanism

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in newborns with asymptomatic, unexplained indirect hyperbilirubinemia in the first two weeks of life. Jaundiced infants, otherwise clinically well, less than two weeks of ages, with a total bilirubin level above 15 mg/dl were eligible for the study. A bilirubin work-up including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6 PD) level, as well as urinalysis and a urine culture were performed in all patients. Patients with UTI, defined as more than 10,000 colony-forming units per milliliter of a single pathogen obtained by bladder catheterization, were evaluated for sepsis. Renal function tests and renal ultrasound were performed in cases with UTI. During follow-up, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (DMSA) were performed as well. A total of 102 patients were enrolled. The bilirubin work-up of patients did not demonstrate any significant underlying disorder. None of the infants had a high direct bilirubin level. UTI was diagnosed in eight (8%) cases [Enterobacter aerogenes (3/8:38%), Enterococcus faecalis (2/8:25%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/8:25%) and Escherichia coli (1/8:12%)]. Of those eight patients, only four (50%) had pyuria. Bacteriuria was present in seven (88%) patients. The sepsis screen was negative in all but one case with a high C-reactive protein (CRP) level. None of the patients had a positive blood culture. Renal function tests were within normal levels in all patients. Renal ultrasound showed urinary tract abnormalities in three (38%) patients (hydronephrosis, n=1 and pelviectasis, n=2). VCUG was performed in all patients during the study period and one had unilateral grade 3-4 reflux, while only one patient had a diverticulum of the bladder. DMSA was performed in seven patients and none had renal scars. It is of importance that UTI can occur in asymptomatic, jaundiced infants even in the first week of life. Although it is well known that UTI is a common cause of prolonged jaundice, urine culture should be considered in the bilirubin work-up of infants older than three days of age with an unknown etiology.

Urinary tract infection and hyperbilirubinemia.

Background: Early diagnosis and proper treatment, including long-term follow up, are very important for neonatal urinary tract infections (UTI).



Methods: The present study reports the analysis and long-term follow-up results of 71 newborns treated for UTI.



Results: Forty-one per cent of patients were preterm babies. Suspected sepsis and hyperbilirubinemia were the main presenting features. Community-acquired and nasocomial UTI accounted for 63% and 37% of cases, respectively. The leading causative agents were Escherichia coli for community-acquired UTI and Klebsiella pneumoniae for nasocomial UTI. The urosepsis rate was 5%. Abnormal ultrasonography findings were present in 23% and vesicoureteral reflux was present in 15% of babies. A total of 23% of patients showed renal photopenic areas on dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. The recurrence rate was 28% occurring between 1.5 and 12 months, in particular in the first 6 months. Most of the recurrences developed in patients with no predisposing abnormalities.



Conclusion: Pediatric nephrologic follow-up of babies experiencing UTI in the neonatal period is very important to identify the predisposing congenital abnormalities and scarred kidneys, to diagnose and to treat the recurrences earlier.

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Papers

Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children.

The protective effect of oxytocin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Oxytocin alleviates oxidative renal injury in pyelonephritic rats via a neutrophil-dependent mechanism

Urinary tract infection and hyperbilirubinemia.

Neonatal urinary tract infections: Analysis of the patients and recurrences