The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors

Thank you for reading computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.

Computation And Interpretation Of Biological Statistics Of Fish Populations

Marine microscopic plastic (microplastic) debris is a modern societal issue, illustrating the challenge of balancing the convenience of plastic in daily life with the prospect of causing ecological harm by careless disposal. Here we develop the concept of microplastic as a complex, dynamic mixture of polymers and additives, to which organic material and contaminants can successively bind to form an 'ecocorona', increasing the density and surface charge of particles and changing their bioavailability and toxicity. Chronic exposure to microplastic is rarely lethal, but can adversely affect individual animals, reducing feeding and depleting energy stores, with knock-on effects for fecundity and growth. We explore the extent to which ecological processes could be impacted, including altered behaviours, bioturbation and impacts on carbon flux to the deep ocean. We discuss how microplastic compares with other anthropogenic pollutants in terms of ecological risk, and consider the role of science and society in tackling this global issue in the future.

Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem

Polluted water in Jakarta Bay, especially from heavy metal, affects the organism that live in this area, especially green mussel (Perna viridis). The objectives of the research was to examine the bioaccumulation of heavy metal (Hg, Cd, Pb) as well as to develop a model of pollution load to Jakarta Bay and heavy metal accumulation in green mussel. This research used field survey methodology with green mussel in Muara Angke, Jakarta as the sample. The observed parameters were water pollution indicator, heavy metal accumulation and percentage of green mussel malformation. The result of water pollution parameter such as Biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), Nitrate (NO3), Orthophosphate (PO4), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) were higher than the allowed limit. The results showed that total pollution load (in tons/month) were 1,56 for NO3; PO4 1,32; Hg 2,03; Cd 0,26 and 248 for Pb. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals that is occurred on green mussel will be accumulated along with the age increasing. The highest value is mercury that accumulates in hepatopancreas. Due to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in organs of mussels, morphology change (deformation/malformation) i.e. thick size larger than the width of the green mussel occurred. This situation could be avoided by the development and implementation of the Waste Water Treatment Plant to treat the waste water before being discharged to the river stream.

Heavy metals accumulation and malformation of green mussel (Perna viridis) in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.

Coral restoration using sexual reproduction could have many advantages over the currently more widely used asexual reproduction methods, in particular for maintaining genetic biodiversity. On-going research on controlled sexual reproduction of corals is seeking ways to achieve higher larval settlement and survival rates. Metamorphic settlement is a critical phase for the survival of coral larvae, due to morphological changes as well as threats of predation and competition. This study aimed to identify the effects of light intensity and substrate positioning on the metamorphosis of competent planula stage larvae. Five day old larvae of the Indo-Pacific coral Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846) were obtained from coral spawning under laboratory conditions. The light intensity experiments used 4 treatments: 170, 130, 90 and 45 μmol.m-2.s-1. Substrate positioning experiment treatments were vertical and horizontal orientations of the settlement plates. Coral larval settlement was not significantly correlated with light intensity, despite the higher settlement rates observed under light intensities between 130-170 μmol.m-2.s-1. The highest rate of settlement occurred on the ninth day post fertilisation and was significantly higher (α<0.05, df:2) than the rates on day seven and day eleven. The number of coral larvae settling on horizontal substrate was significantly higher compared to vertical plates, with a ratio of 11:1. This understanding of the factors affecting larval metamorphosis and settlement, in particular the importance of light intensity and substrate orientation, could be applied in the on-going efforts to mass produce juvenile corals for coral reef restoration.

Larvae of the Coral Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846) settle under controlled light intensity

H. opuntia is one of the green algae that distributes sufficiently dominant at the coastal of West Aceh. This research aims to screen the green algae H. opuntia that is potentia as an antioxidant agent. Extraction method in this research used mono maceration. The solvents that are used including ethanol (polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar), and n-hexane (non-polar). With those three solvents it was obtained three crude extracts including ethanol crude extract, ethyl acetate crude extract, and n-hexane crude extract. Subsequently, the crude extracts were used to conduct the assay including phytochemical assay and the antioxidant activity with DPPH method. The results of phytochemical assay showed that ethanol crude extract of H. opuntia was detected to have active compounds including alkaloids, flavonoid, phenol, tannin, and steroids whereas ethyl acetate extract of H. opuntia was detected to contain phenol compound. Total phenol content of ethanolic extract of H. opuntia = 2460.25 mg GAE/g and ethyl acetate extract = 972.68 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract has IC50 value = 143.63 mg/L whereas ethyl acetate extract has IC50 value = 75.51 mg/L with Vitamin C as a positive control. This results show that extract of H. opuntia possesses a vital potency as an antioxidant agent that give value added in pharmacy industries.

/pdf/skreening-alga-hijau-halimeda-opuntia-linnaeus-sebagai-3p2od7t1im.pdf

Skreening Alga Hijau Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) sebagai Antioksidan dari Pesisir Aceh Barat

Macroalga in Manokwari area has higher species biodiversity, however this organism is very risk to environmentkondition change either nature or anthropogenic pressure. This study aimed to composition species of algae (clasification and identification) and community assemblage analysis of macroalgae species surrounding Manokwari coastal area. Collecting data was done during east season period (from June 2014 to September 2014) from two different main coastal areas, mainland and outland coastal area. Twenty eight macroalga species were identified and consisted taxonomically of three divisions, three classes, eleven orders, sixteen families, and nineteen genus. Three divisions of macroalga species were green alga (Chlorophyta), red alga (Rhodophyta), and brown alga (Phaeophyta), which each division comprised with 14 species, 8 species, and 6 species respectively. Total of density average of macroalga species in outland was higher than that of in mainland. Structure analysis of macroalga community in outland areas (Mansinam and Lemon) had higher biodiversity index than that of in mainland areas (Rendani, Pasir Putih, and Arfai). Evenness index in both mainland and outland areas were closed to 1, which meant individual of macroalga from each species distributed uniformly and there was no dominant macroalga species. While dominancy index in either mainland or outland reached closely to zero, which meant macroalga community were stable.

/pdf/analisis-struktur-komunitas-makroalga-ekonomis-penting-di-3a4u1uhgo5.pdf

Analisis struktur komunitas makroalga ekonomis penting di perairan intertidal manokwari, papua barat

Highlight Marine debris can be as a treat for coral reef Branching coral is the most affected by marine debris Plastic marine debris commonly found in all research location, especially from fisheries and daily activity Abstract A coral reef is one of the important ecosystems, however, the existence of coral reef is threatened. Several factors can be a threat to the coral reef, such as marine debris. Research about marine debris on coral reefs in Indonesia has not much been done. This research aims to identify marine debris that is found and impacted, to identify the impacts caused, and to identify the life forms most susceptible to being affected. This research was conducted in Kelapa Island, Kelapa Dua Island, and Harapan Island by using the Belt Transect method sized 20 x 4 m 2 with four repetitions at each station to determine coral reef life form, and type of marine  debris. The data was analyzed by using the Correspondence Analysis (CA) to determine the correlation of marine debris and the affected life forms of coral reefs. The result showed the plastic marine debris was found in all stations. Six life forms were affected by marine debris, and the most susceptible life forms that affected were massive and branching. The most dominant impact category on coral reefs was tissue loss with algal growth (TLAG).

/pdf/relationship-between-characteristics-of-marine-debris-and-1ylgimp4wg.pdf

Neviaty P. Zamani

Papers

Heavy metals accumulation and malformation of green mussel (Perna viridis) in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia.

Larvae of the Coral Acropora tenuis (Dana 1846) settle under controlled light intensity

Skreening Alga Hijau Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) sebagai Antioksidan dari Pesisir Aceh Barat

Analisis struktur komunitas makroalga ekonomis penting di perairan intertidal manokwari, papua barat

Relationship Between Characteristics of Marine Debris and Impact to Coral Reef