The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors

Thank you for reading computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite books like this computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their laptop.

Computation And Interpretation Of Biological Statistics Of Fish Populations

Marine microscopic plastic (microplastic) debris is a modern societal issue, illustrating the challenge of balancing the convenience of plastic in daily life with the prospect of causing ecological harm by careless disposal. Here we develop the concept of microplastic as a complex, dynamic mixture of polymers and additives, to which organic material and contaminants can successively bind to form an 'ecocorona', increasing the density and surface charge of particles and changing their bioavailability and toxicity. Chronic exposure to microplastic is rarely lethal, but can adversely affect individual animals, reducing feeding and depleting energy stores, with knock-on effects for fecundity and growth. We explore the extent to which ecological processes could be impacted, including altered behaviours, bioturbation and impacts on carbon flux to the deep ocean. We discuss how microplastic compares with other anthropogenic pollutants in terms of ecological risk, and consider the role of science and society in tackling this global issue in the future.

Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem

Biorock® technique is the earliest methods to rehabilitate the damage of coral reef ecosystem. Its improvement is need to carry on since it is subject to some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible subtitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we compared Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum (Al). The laboratory study was carried out for two days period (48 hours) in the stagnant sea water aquaria. Four aquarium tanks were treated by different electric current treatment (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere, respectively). The reduction of electrode weigh (anode and cathode) was measured. During the experiment, water quality (i.e. pH, and salinity) and mineral waters (calcium) were collected every 6 hour in 48 hours. The solid form of calcium carbonate was analyzed using XDS (X-ray Dispersion Spectrophotometer). The accretion rates on cathode and anode decay were compared between anodes which were treated by different electrical current. Based on the study, three anodes (aluminum, magnesium and titanium) showed different respond. Titanium and Magnesium anode showed electric current affected accretion rate (P < 1), while for aluminum anode showed no differences on treatments.

/pdf/study-on-biorock-technique-using-three-different-anode-5grvd9ux6p.pdf

Study on biorock® technique using three different anode materials (magnesium, aluminum, and titanium)

Ecological resilience is an important property of natural ecosystem to be understood in coral reef management. Resilience of Indonesian coral reefs was assessed using 2009 COREMAP data. The assessment used 698 data of line intercept transects collected from 15 districts and 4 marine physiographies. Resilience index used in the assessment was developed by the authors but will be published elsewhere. The results showed that coral reefs at western region had higher average resilience indices than eastern region, and Sunda Shelf reefs had higher resilience indices than coral reefs at Indian Ocean, Sulawesi-Flores, or Sahul Shelf. Four districts were found to have coral reefs with highest resilience indices, i.e. Bintan and Natuna (western region), and Wakatobi and Buton (eastern region). Raja Ampat had coral reefs with lower average resilience indices than that of Wakatobi. Uses of resilience index in coral reef management should be coupled with other information such as maximum depth of coral communities.

/pdf/assessing-ecological-resilience-of-indonesian-coral-reefs-xvafouulgs.pdf

Assessing Ecological Resilience of Indonesian Coral Reefs

. Widiarti R, Zamani NP, Bengen DG, Madduppa H. 2021. Morphotype diversity of Prorocentrum lima in the western part of Indonesian waters. Biodiversitas 22: 609-616. Prorocentrum lima is one of the toxic benthic dinoflagellates, known to produce various toxins, including okadaic acid and dinophysis toxins. The species have a wide range of morphological variability, and possess morphotype diversity, which makes it essential to have detailed morphology observation for identification and other purposes. However, such comprehensive observation has never been reported from Indonesian waters. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics (including pore size and number of pores) of P. lima morphotypes, in the western part of Indonesian waters (Bintan Island, Belitung Island, Seribu Islands, and Karimunjawa Islands). The results showed three different and unique morphotypes of P. lima, namely morphotype 1, morphotype 2, and morphotype 3. Three clusters were presented by Cluster Analysis, corresponded to the three morphotypes, which were Belitung Island clusters, Seribu Islands and Karimunjawa Islands cluster, and Bintan Island cluster, respectively. These findings support distribution of P. lima and its potential risk of toxicity in Indonesian waters, which prompts the necessity of conducting future research, to avoid the negative impact.

/pdf/morphotype-diversity-of-prorocentrum-lima-in-the-western-3l474rw217.pdf

Morphotype diversity of Prorocentrum lima in the western part of Indonesian waters

Glutathione (GSH), as a wide range of low molecular weight, which found in marine microalgae and event bacteria, are essential to prevent photooxidation and productivity loss from these Radical Oxigen Species (ROS). Symbiodinium, endo-symbiont of corals, were exposed with different UV radiation combined with irradiance treatments to explore biomass specific initial response. Intracellular glutahione was observed as potential adaptive response of Symbiodinium population under environmental specific stress. The result showed that GSH production increase d significantly with increasing irradiance and/or UV levels. GSH concentration was fluctuated among population s exposed by different irradiance treatments, but not effected by UV and irradiance exposure. GSH production as a response of UV exposure was higher than irradiance treatments. Both these high correlative fluctuation of intracellular GSH production and the presence of both treatments indicated protective specific adaptation of Symbiodinium under specific environmental stress, respectively. Keywords : zooxanthellae , irradiance, glutathione (GSH) , corals, Fungia

/pdf/glutathione-gsh-production-as-protective-adaptation-against-3h0a7mwst4.pdf

Glutathione (GSH) Production as Protective Adaptation Against Light Regime Radiation of Symbiodinium Natural Population

It is crucial to understand the microbial community associated with the host when attempting to discern the pathogen responsible for disease outbreaks in scleractinian corals. This study determines changes in the bacterial community associated with  Montipora sp. in response to black band disease in Indonesian waters. Healthy, diseased, and dead Montipora sp. (n = 3 for each sample type per location) were collected from three different locations (Pari Island, Pramuka Island, and Peteloran Island). DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) was carried out to identify the bacterial community associated with each sample type and histological analysis was conducted to identify pathogens associated with specific tissues. Various Desulfovibrio species were found as novelty to be associated with infection samples, including Desulfovibrio desulfuricans , Desulfovibrio magneticus , and Desulfovibrio gigas , Bacillus benzoevorans , Bacillus farraginis in genus which previously associated with pathogenicity in corals. Various bacterial species associated with uninfected corals were lost in diseased and dead samples. Unlike healthy samples, coral tissues such as the epidermis, endodermis, zooxanthellae were not present on dead samples under histological observation. Liberated zooxanthellae and cyanobacteria were found in black band diseased Montipora sp. samples.

/pdf/microbial-community-of-black-band-disease-on-infection-26mbmudene.pdf

Neviaty P. Zamani

Papers

Study on biorock® technique using three different anode materials (magnesium, aluminum, and titanium)

Assessing Ecological Resilience of Indonesian Coral Reefs

Morphotype diversity of Prorocentrum lima in the western part of Indonesian waters

Glutathione (GSH) Production as Protective Adaptation Against Light Regime Radiation of Symbiodinium Natural Population

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF BLACK BAND DISEASE ON INFECTION, HEALTHY, AND DEAD PART OF SCLERACTINIAN Montipora sp. COLONY AT SERIBU ISLANDS, INDONESIA