Showing papers in "Biodiversitas in 2021"
TL;DR: The results showed that pest FAW has been entering and attacking maize crops in Bali since January 2020 as the first report, and within the next 4 months, it has spread evenly in all districts and cities in B Indonesia.
Abstract: Supartha IW, Susila IW, Sunari AAAAS, Mahaputra IGF, Yudha IKW, Wiradana PA. 2021. Damage characteristics and distribution patterns of invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize crop in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3378-3387. The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a destructive crop pest native to North and South America which has now been reported to have spread to Indonesia. This study aims to ensure the attack and spread of invasive pests FAW on corn crops in Bali Province, Indonesia. In addition, it also studied population structure, age structure, and percentage of attacks on maize crops in high altitude areas in Bali. The research was conducted using survey methods. A sampling of plants is carried out in all districts and cities in the Bali by diagonal sampling. The sample unit size is 5 m × 5 m with the number of plants observed being 150 plants. The score of plant damage at the age of 4 weeks after planting (WAP) plants has a \"very heavy\" attack intensity value. Areas of upper leaves or young leaves most affected by S. frugiperda attack in the field. The results showed that pest FAW has been entering and attacking maize crops in Bali since January 2020 as the first report. At the beginning of the entry was only found in some lowland locations, especially in Tabanan and Jembrana regency, but within the next 4 months, it has spread evenly in all districts and cities in Bali. Adults populations and egg groups of FAW were found to peak by the time the corn crop was 2 weeks old after planting while the larval population reached its peak by the time the plant was 4 WAP The highest percentage of FAW attacks is in altitude areas below 250 meters above sea level (masl) with an average attack per observation plot of 47.84%. This research is the first to report on FAW attacks on maize crops in Bali since January 2020 and adds to our knowledge of FAW pests on maize crops in Bali.
20 citations
TL;DR: Elfrida et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the medicinal plants used by the community in the Jambur Labu Village, Birem Bayeun Sub-district, East Aceh, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Elfrida, Tarigan NS, Suwardi AB. 2021. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by community in Jambur Labu Village, East Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2893-2900. Jambur Labu is a village in East Aceh that is home to various ethnic groups. The community in the village has used various plant species as a traditional medicine to treat diseases and disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the medicinal plants used by the community in the Jambur Labu Village, Birem Bayeun Sub-district, East Aceh, Indonesia. This study was based on field surveys, plant collection, and interviews with the local people. Interviews were performed with 30 informants selected using the Snowball Sampling technique. A total of 107 medicinal plant species, belonging to 87 families, were documented to be used by the local community in Jambur Labu Village. Leaves were the most used plant part (38%), followed by fruit (22%), whole plant (9%), rhizome (8%), roots (7%), flowers and bark (4% each), sap (3%), stem and tuber (2% each), and seeds (1%) and the main mode of preparations are decoction (39%). Breynia androgyna (L.) Chakrab.dan N.P.Balakr., Moringa oleifera Lam, Jatropha multifida L., Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr., Zingiber officinale Roscoe., and Tagetes erecta L. had the highest UV value (0.96), indicating the high importance of such species for the community. The high informant consensus factor (ICF=0.978) was assigned to the diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (DBF) category. The results of this study can enrich the existing study of medicinal uses of plant by communities, in this context is the use by a community in Aceh.
16 citations
TL;DR: Nugroho et al. as discussed by the authors evaluated the antibacterial activity of S. trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extract and fraction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and identified its bioactive compounds.
Abstract: . Nugroho LH, Dewatisari WF, Retnaningrum E, Purwestri YA. 2021. The potency of Sansevieria trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extracts as an antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biodiversitas 22: 408-415. Sansevieria trifasciata and Sansevieria cylindrica are the major herbs in Indonesia, which contain several bioactive compounds as potential sources of antibacterial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of S. trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves extract and fraction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to identify its bioactive compounds. Crude ethanolic extract of S. trifasciata and S. cylindrica leaves were tested for their antimicrobial activity by disk diffusion method against P. aeruginosa. S. trifasciata showed strong antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 18.3 mm compared to S. cylindrica. Different concentrations of extract i.e. 4 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 16 mg/mL, 32 mg/mL, 64 mg/mL, 128 mg/mL and 256 mg/mL were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The MIC results showed that the S. trifasciata extract was able to inhibit bacterial growth at a concentration of 32 mg/mL. Results of vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that only fraction 3 showed the highest antibacterial activity at 16 mg/mL. In TLC bioautography analysis, fraction 3 showed a clear zone at Rf 0.93. The phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoid, phenolic, triterpenoid, and flavonoid compounds were found in S. trifasciata extract that were associated with antibacterial activity.
16 citations
TL;DR: The result of PCA determined petiole wing, spine, color, hair and fragrance of leaves as five morphological markers at seedling stage and the details of morphological dissimilarities between genotypes were described in arranged determination keys.
Abstract: . Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D. 2021. Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Biodiversitas 22: 1570-1579. The identification of citrus varieties is generally based on flower, fruit, and mature tree characters. The detailed and comprehensive identification of seedling stage is very limited, therefore present study aimed to identify and distinguish 21 citrus genotypes based on 50 morphological characters of vegetative shoot at seedling stage. Cluster analysis using complete linkage agglomerative method showed broader dissimilarities between C. x limon and C. x microcarpa. Unfortunately, this method was limited to differentiate six genotypes within Citrus reticulata Blanco due to extremely low dissimilarities found. All citrus seedlings have similarities in the forms of habitus, gland spots, arrangement and venation of leaf. The result of PCA determined petiole wing, spine, color, hair and fragrance of leaves as five morphological markers at seedling stage. In addition, there was a positive correlation between spine and leaf pleasant. Moreover, the details of morphological dissimilarities between genotypes were described in arranged determination keys.
15 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that mangrove density in Segara Anakan > North Jakarta (220-1100 trees ha-1) and the association index had 12 pairs of negative species association and 17 pairs of positive species association, but most of mangroves vegetations had no association.
Abstract: . Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo TN, Muslih, Mahdiana A, Samudra SR. 2021. The affinity of mangrove species using Association and Cluster Index in North Coast of Jakarta and Segara Anakan of Cilacap, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2907-2920. The affinity of mangrove species using association and cluster index describe relationship among mangrove species. The species association and clustering explain the degree of utilization of resources and space by mangrove species. The association and cluster also describe specific species adaptation in mangrove ecosystems. This paper was aimed to analyze species affinity using association and clustering index of mangrove species. The association index used Chi-square equation and the clustered index used Euclidian distance analysis. The results showed that (i) mangrove density in Segara Anakan (166-4000 trees ha-1) > North Jakarta (220-1100 trees ha-1). (ii) Nypa fruticans, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora apiculata dominated in Segara Anakan of Cilacap, and Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina dominated in North Jakarta (iii) The association index had 12 pairs of negative species association and 17 pairs of positive species association, but most of mangrove vegetations had no association. (iv) mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan and North Jakarta had four clusters with Euclidean distance (ED score) 484 to describe cluster between Bruguiera parviflora-Bruguiera sexangula until 76430847 to describe cluster among Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Exoecaria agallocha, Nypa fruticans, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia caseolaris
15 citations
TL;DR: Saensouk et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the diversity, distribution, ecology, conservation status, and traditional uses of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand.
Abstract: . Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2021. Diversity, traditional uses and conservation status of Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 3083-3097. Southeast Asia is recognized as the center of Zingiberaceae distribution with Thailand is among the important regions. Nonetheless, a comprehensive study in a regional context that investigates the biological aspects of the family is lacking. This study aimed to determine the diversity, distribution, ecology, conservation status, and traditional uses of the family Zingiberaceae in Udorn Thani Province, northeastern Thailand. In total, three tribes, nine genera, 47 species of Zingiberaceae were identified during a botanical survey between January and December 2020 in Udorn Thani. Curcuma and Kempferia were the most diverse genera with nine and eight species, respectively, followed by Zingiber as the third most diverse genus with seven species and Alpinia as the fourth most diverse genus with six species. While the genera Etlingera and Hedychium were the least diverse with each containing just one species. For all Zingiberaceae species, the flowering period was found between March and September, while the fruiting period was found between May and October. Zingiberaceae was found with the greatest frequency in five ecosystem types, namely cultivated areas, deciduous dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous forest, dry evergreen forest and river basin. Twenty-one species were reported as rare species in research area, i.e. Boesenbergia baimaii, B. isanensis, Kaempferia picheansoonthonii, and K. udonensis. It was revealed that the traditional uses of many Zingiberaceae species from villagers in Udorn Thani Province were most frequently used for medicine, food, ornamentals, rituals, spices, perfume and cosmetics. Rhizomes, roots, pseudostems, young inflorescences, inflorescences, young leaves, leaves and fruits were the parts of this plant used.
14 citations
TL;DR: Hartoyo et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed vegetation cover using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in LEA and its relation to agroforestry structure, composition and diversity in Agusen Village, Gayo Lues District and Alur Durin Village, East Aceh District, Aceh Province belonging to LEA.
Abstract: . Hartoyo APP, Sunkar A, Ramadani R, Faluthi S, Hidayati S. 2021. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis for vegetation cover in Leuser Ecosystem area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1160-1171. About 2 Mha of 24.3 Mha degraded area in Indonesia is inside conservation area. The Leuser Ecosystem Area (LEA) is the largest conservation area in Malesian forest that plays essential role in biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation efforts. It is the last habitat on earth where Sumatran tigers, elephants, orangutans, and rhinoceros are found together. However, LEA faces many threats, such as infrastructure development, and industrial palm oil plantation. Additionally, vegetation cover data as an approach to monitor forest cover changes in LEA is still lacking and baseline data regarding composition, structure as well as vegetation diversity in LEA is very limited. The objectives of this study were to analyze vegetation cover using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in LEA and its relation to agroforestry structure, composition and diversity in Agusen Village, Gayo Lues District and Alur Durin Village, East Aceh District, Aceh Province belonging to LEA. Based on the NDVI analysis, the largest area in LEA belonged to class 5, meaning that the most area in LEA was dominated by high dense vegetation (1,870,116.40 ha). The average accuracy and standard error of NDVI analysis were 83.33% and 2.62. LEA is an effective buffer for maintaining forest ecosystems and increasing the local communities' welfare through agroforestry system. Agroforestry structures in agroforestry practices, both in Agusen Village and Alur Durin Village did not reflect reverse-J curve, meaning that enrichment planting for increasing numbers of individual and species was necessary. Management of agroforestry system depends on the landowners or managers and their selection of shade tree species with high economic value with market demand such as C. arabica, T. cacao with A. moluccanus, L. leucocephala, H. brasiliensis, D. zibethinus, etc. Trees that produce non-timber products are also an alternative way for conservation strategy and sustainable utilization.
14 citations
TL;DR: Alimbon et al. as discussed by the authors assessed the species composition, stand characteristics, aboveground biomass, and carbon stock of mangroves in Panabo Mangrove Park, Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines.
Abstract: . Alimbon JA, Manseguiao MRS. 2021. Species composition, stand characteristics, aboveground biomass, and carbon stock of mangroves in Panabo Mangrove Park, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 3130-3137. Mangrove ecosystems have been recognized for their roles in climate change mitigation through their carbon sequestration capacity. However, information on the ecology and carbon stock of mangroves is limited. Thus, this study assessed the species composition, stand characteristics, aboveground biomass, and carbon stock of mangroves in Panabo Mangrove Park, Panabo City, Davao del Norte, Philippines. Data for vegetation analysis and biodiversity assessment were collected using transect line plots method. Meanwhile, aboveground biomass estimation was conducted using nondestructive method. Twenty plots with size of 10 m x 10 m each were established to account for the stand characteristics and aboveground biomass of mangroves. Species composition data identified five species from four families. Avicennia marina was the most important species with an importance value of 153.33%. Stand structure analysis revealed a basal area of 14.65 m² ha?¹ and a mean density of 11835 stems ha?¹. Biodiversity indices indicated very low species diversity (H’ = 1.027), low species richness (R = 0.5148) and less even distribution of species (J = 0.6383). Using allometric equation, the aboveground biomass was 77.45 Mg ha?¹ with an estimated stored carbon of 37.18 Mg ha?¹ and sequestration potential of 136.44 Mg CO?ha?¹. These baseline data demonstrate that the area can store and sequester potential amounts of carbon and carbon dioxide, respectively, despite the low diversity.
12 citations
TL;DR: Mujiyanto et al. as mentioned in this paper assessed the reef fishes community structure at small islands in Paraja Bay, and found that the level of uniformity of reef fish species in the waters is high.
Abstract: . Mujiyanto, Sugianti Y, Afandy YA, Rahayu R, Bidikusuma RA, Nasriri AS, Syam AR, Purnaningtyas SE. 2021. Reef fish community structure in the islands of Paraja Bay, Pandeglang District, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4402-4413. Paraja Bay waters have five small islands that coexist with Ujung Kulon National Marine Park and act as a buffer zone for the diversity of fishery resources. This study aimed to assess the reef fishes community structure at small islands in Paraja Bay. Observations were made in 20 locations during August and September 2019 in the five small islands. Reef fishes community structure showed 106 species as included major group (54 species), indicator group (24 species) and target group (28 species), among five small islands, i.e. Badul, Mangir, Oar, Sumur and Umang Islands. The highest reef fishes abundance was founded in Umang Island waters. Several target fish species recorded during the study were mature fish (such as those targeted by fishermen). Only a small proportion were juveniles. Reef fish community structure was categorized as stress community to stable community with its indication was low diversity value, high evenness index, and low dominance. The low diversity index value illustrates that the level of uniformity of reef fish species in Paraja Bay waters is high. This condition is evidenced by each coral fish group's evenness index included in the main species group around 0.93 to 0.98. The target species is 0.88 to 0.99.
11 citations
TL;DR: Setiadi et al. as mentioned in this paper used the descriptive exploratory method to inventory and identify the diversity of reptiles in residential areas in Pontianak and Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan province, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Setiadi AE, Rahayu HM. 2021. Reptiles in the Pontianak and Kubu Raya Residental Area, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2763-2770. The increase in population is directly proportional to housing needs. Expansion of residential areas can threaten the diversity of reptiles in West Kalimantan. This study aims to inventory and identify the diversity of reptiles in residential areas in Pontianak and Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan province, Indonesia. This research gives a better understanding of reptilian urban species to support monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity in West Kalimantan. This research uses the descriptive exploratory method. Four study areas were selected based on a proportion of impervious surfaces. Data collection used the VES (Visual Encounter Survey). Identification refers to Reptile field guides and identification books. The data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, the level reptile diversity was analyzed using the Shannon Diversity Index, and the similarities of reptiles between the residential area in Pontianak and Kubu Raya were assessed using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The results showed, from 50 individual reptiles found in Pontianak and Kubu Raya, there were 13 reptile species from the order Squamata and the order Testudines. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of 2.26 and Jaccard similarity coefficient 0.384, indicating that the level of diversity of reptile species in the two study areas is classified as moderate.
11 citations
TL;DR: This study successfully found eight bacterial isolates from four sponges, and molecular identification based on 16S rRNA approach revealed bacteria isolates closely related to Pseudomonas, and a bacterial isolate from Callyspongia sp.
Abstract: . Marzuki I, Kamaruddin M, Ahmad R. 2021. Identification of marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria and their application in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Biodiversitas 22: 1481-1488. Diverse and abundant microbial species that occupy marine sponges may make important contributions to host metabolism. Sponges are filter feeders and devour microorganisms from the seawater around them. Each microbe that endures the sponges’ digestive and immune responses are related symbiotically. Marine sponges symbiont bacteria can comprise as much as 40% of sponge tissue volume, and these are known to exhibit a great potential on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation. However, the potential use of marine sponges symbiont bacteria is unexplored. Therefore, we designed and conducted a study to identify bacterial isolates obtained from sponges. For this, we collected sponges samples (Hyrtios erectus, Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti), Niphates sp., and Callyspongia sp.) from the Spermonde islands in Indonesia. We successfully found eight bacterial isolates from four sponges, as molecular identification based on 16S rRNA approach revealed bacterial isolates of SpAB1, SpAB2, SpBB1, SpDB1, and SpDB2 from three sponges (Hyrtios erectus, Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti), Niphates sp.). Interestingly, these were closely related to Pseudomonas, and a bacterial isolate from Callyspongia sp. (SpCB1) showed similarity to Bacillus. Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated sponges exhibited degradation of naphthalene and pyrene PAHs.
TL;DR: Indarjo et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the relationship between length and weight, sex ratio, mortality, and growth condition index of the naturally occurring giant prawns in three districts namely Bulungan, Nunukan, and Tana Tidung in the North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Indarjo A, Salim G, Nugraeni CD, Zein M, Ransangan J, Prakoso LY, Suhirwan, Anggoro S. 2021. Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 846-857. Giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia are commonly found inhabiting estuarine areas in Salimbatu Village (Bulungan District), Tepian Village (Nunukan District) and Buong Baru and Sesayap Villages (Tana Tidung District). The present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between length and weight, sex ratio, mortality, and growth condition index of the naturally occurring giant prawns in three districts namely Bulungan, Nunukan, and Tana Tidung in the North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The samplings were carried out for a period of seven months beginning April to November 2020. The results revealed that the giant prawns in Buong Baru Village, Sesayap Village, and Salimbatu Village were characterized to have negative allometric growth patterns. Interestingly, the male giant prawns in Tepian Village were observed to exhibit positive allometric growth pattern. The ratio sex analysis of the giant prawns in the four villages indicated that female prawns were more than male. In terms of size distribution, Salimbatu Village exhibited 60.1% of prawns measured at 14.02-17.74cm (size range of 10.3-47.5 cm). In Tepian Village, 32.9% of the prawns were observed to measure between 11.20-12.80 cm (size range of 8.0-24.0 cm). In Buong Baru Village, it was observed 18.5% of the prawns measured 22.0-25.5 cm and 29.0-32.5 cm (size range of 15.0-50.0 cm), respectively. Finally, 28.3% of the prawns in Sesayap Village was observed to measure at 12.19-14.02 cm from the overall size distribution between 6.7-25.0 cm. Relative condition factor of giant prawns found in the waters of Salimbatu Village, Tepian Village, and Buong Baru Village waters and Sesayap Village waters was characterized by thin body shape. The maximum length of male prawns was higher than female prawns in Salimbatu Village, Desa Tepian and Sesayap Village, except in Buong Baru Village where female was longer than male. The exploitation rate and fishing mortalities of prawns were higher in Buong Baru Village, Tana Tidung District. Giant prawn fishery contributes to the socio-economic development of the people in North Kalimantan. Hence, sustainable fishery management of this species, particularly in Buong Baru Village is urgently needed so that it can continue to provide livelihoods to the fishermen in the area.
TL;DR: Rambey et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in the Barumun River including its smaller streams (rivulets) using a combination of line transect and quadratic plots arranged systematically.
Abstract: . Rambey R, Susilowati A, Rangkuti AB, Onrizal O, Desrita, Ardhi R, Hartanto A. 2021. Plant diversity, structure and composition of vegetation around Barumun Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3250-3256. Watershed ecosystem plays an important role in water and soil conservation which is supported by vegetation around watershed. As such, vegetation analysis is beneficial to assess the current state of watershed vegetation and monitor future changes. Barumun Watershed, located in South Labuhanbatu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, is under threat due to habitat degradation and land conversion for plantation and agriculture. This research aimed to investigate the diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in the Barumun River including its smaller streams (rivulets). Data were collected using a combination of line transect and quadratic plots arranged systematically. The total observation plots were 48 plots, consisting of 24 plots in Barumun River, 12 plots in Tasik Rivulet and 12 plots in Titi Kembar Rivulet. The results documented a total of 51 plants in the studied sites in Barumun Watershed in which 37 species were found in Barumun River, 20 species in Tasik Rivulet and 17 species in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. Plant species consisted of several habitus including herbs, palms, shrubs, climbers and trees. The trees consisted of 22 species (43.13%), herbs 22 species (43.13%), climbers 3 species (5.88%), shrubs two species (3.92%), and palm two species (3.92%). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree community was recorded in the Barumun River from Hevea brasiliensis (108.28), followed by Cryptocarya sp. (123.24) in the Titi Kembar Rivulet. In addition, the highest IVI for pole, sapling, seedling, and shrub was recorded from Muntingia calabura (Barumun River), Nauclea orientalis (Tasik Rivulet), Psychotria viridiflora (Tasik Rivulet), and Calamus axillaris (Titi Kembar Rivulet), respectively. The plant diversity in Barumun Watershed was categorized from low to moderate level of richness.
TL;DR: The diversity analysis of indigenous bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene-targeted metagenomic revealed at least 7 phyla were relatively abundant in Sumbawa horse milk, and the greatest abundance was shown by the phylum Proteobacteria.
Abstract: . Fidien KA, Manguntungi B, Sukmarini L, Mustopa AZ, Triratna L, Fatimah, Kusdianawati. 2021. Diversity analysis, identification, and bioprospecting of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from Sumbawa horse milk. Biodiversitas 22: 3333-3340. Sumbawa horse milk has a probiotic potential because of the presence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). The LAB present in Sumbawa horse milk has been reported to have antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae. However, the potential of LAB from Sumbawa horse milk as antioxidant and antidiabetic is still unexplored. Studies related to the diversity of indigenous bacteria in Sumbawa horse milk based on metagenomic analysis have not been widely studied either. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the diversity of species of indigenous bacteria in Sumbawa horse milk and to identify LAB bioprospecting from Sumbawa horse milk. The diversity of indigenous bacterial species was investigated by the 16S rRNA gene-targeted metagenomic approach from bacterial DNA isolated from Sumbawa horse milk. The identification of LAB was also carried out by the 16S rRNA gene identification method. LAB bioprospecting on antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, while the antidiabetic activity was measured using the ?-glucosidase inhibition assay. The diversity analysis of indigenous bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomic revealed at least 7 phyla were relatively abundant in Sumbawa horse milk. The greatest abundance was shown by the phylum Proteobacteria (0.641%) and Firmicutes (0.327%). Enterococcus durans (39.01%) was the species that had the highest abundance in Sumbawa horse milk, followed by Lactococcus garvieae (30.13%) and Lactococcus lactis (19.85%). Moreover, based on the identification of the 16S rRNA gene, eight LAB isolates had similarities to bacterial strains, including Enterococcus faecium DSM 20477, E. faecium NBRC 100486, E. faecium ATCC 19434, E. durans 98D, E. faecalis ATCC 19433, E. faecalis NRBC 100480, Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae NBRC 100931 and L. garvieae JCM 10343 with similarity levels of more than 98%. In terms of LAB bioprospecting, the antioxidant assay showed the highest DPPH radical binding activity by L. garvieae L.22PR (43%). Meanwhile, the highest inhibitory activity of ?-glucosidase was shown by E. faecium G.6PR (45%).
TL;DR: Wahdina et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the types of natural dye plants used by the Dayak Iban people in Sungai Utik, and how the local people use them traditionally.
Abstract: . Wahdina, Setiadi D, Purwanto Y, Qayim I. 2021. Natural dye plants used by Dayak Iban in Sungai Utik, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1397-1404. Natural dye plants used by indigenous people in Indonesia are considered an important and unique gene pool, especially in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), known to have high biodiversity and endemicity. Dayak Iban people in Sungai Utik, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia are considered a culturally important group, recognized by their customary forest and harmonious living with nature. One of the traditional knowledge practiced by this group is the use of dye plants for along time to make traditional woven fabric and various plaiting handicrafts. This study aims to investigate the types of natural dye plants used by the Dayak Iban people in Sungai Utik, and how the local people use them traditionally. Information about the dye plants used and their utilization process was obtained through in-depth interview methods. We also identified the color produced by the dye plants. There were 15 plant species used as dye plants in Sungai Utik Village. The dye plants are used for plaiting and yarn dyeing as traditional woven material with white, red, and black colors are the only colors used. The most important dye plants are engkerebai kayoh (Psychotria malayana) for red dye color and rengat kikat (Clerodendrum laevifolium) for black dye color. The coloring process includes the yarn oiling, tying, measuring, dyeing, and drying, followed by weaving process. The people in Sungai Utik obtain the dye plants in their customary forest as they keep their forests as a highly valuable treasure.
TL;DR: Nuneza et al. as mentioned in this paper conducted an ethnobotanical study to document medicinal plants used by the Mamanwas tribe in ten Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) of Surigao Del Norte and Agusan del Norte, Philippines.
Abstract: . Nuneza OM, Rodriguez BC, Nasiad JGM. 2021. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the Mamanwa tribe of Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 3284-3296. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants plays an important role in public healthcare and development of drugs. In the Philippines, studies on ethnomedicinal plants have increased throughout the years. However, documentation on the ethnobotanical knowledge in Mindanao is few and mostly focused on other well-known tribes. This ethnobotanical study was carried out to document medicinal plants used by the Mamanwas tribe in ten Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) of Surigao del Norte and Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Ethnomedicinal information on the plant parts used, different modes of preparation, and mode of utilization was gathered from 143 local informants through informal interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. Seventy-eight plant species under 70 genera and 42 families were documented to treat various ailments in their communities. Family Asteraceae held the dominance with ten species that were reported to have medicinal uses. Out of the 78 species, trees constituted the largest proportion with 32 plant species that cover 41%. In terms of plant parts used, leaves are frequently used constituting 46%. As to mode of preparation, decoction (40%) ranked the highest followed by poultice (18%) and heating over fire (14%). Documentation of the valuable ethnomedicinal knowledge will help preserve the vanishing tradition of cultural communities in terms of medicinal plant utilization.
TL;DR: The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonnersatia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannIn percentage.
Abstract: . Hilmi E, Sari LK, Siregar AS, Sulistyo I, Mahdiana A, Junaedi T, Muslih, Pertiwi RPC, Samudra SR, Prayogo NA. 2021. Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3508-3516. Mangrove tannin is polyphenol compound and extractive matter in mangrove vegetation. Mangrove tannins have the potentials to support paint industry, animal feed, tanners and wood adhesives industry. This research is aimed to investigate the mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia that produce tannins, and to analyze the distribution and contents of tannin in the part of mangrove plant. A total of 342 samples from 19 mangrove species was collected from 37 sampling points in Segara Anakan. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the tannin content in the samples. The results showed that the tannins contained in bark and stems were higher (66.6%) than those in leaves (33.4%). Mangrove vegetation can be classified into five classes in terms of tannin percentage with Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata had highest tannin percentage. The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannin percentage. The distribution of tannins in mangrove species is as follow: 0.59-10.14 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) and 0.20-3.74 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) until 8.84-158.96 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 40 cm) and 4.60-91.65 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 40 cm). R. mucronata and R. apiculata had the highest total tannin content, ranged between 386.60-460.38 kg trees-1.
TL;DR: A single female Sicyopus auxilimentus (Gobiidae, Sicydiinae) was found in Sangihe island, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia in September 2019.
Abstract: . Hasan V, Valen FS, Islamy RA, Widodo MS, Saptadjaja AM, Islam I. 2021. Short Communication: Presence of the vulnerable freshwater goby Sicyopus auxilimentus (Gobiidae, Sicydiinae) on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 571-579. A single specimen of freshwater goby Sicyopus auxilimentus was photographed and collected using fish traps between 8 and 15 September 2019 in the Laine waterfall, Sangihe island district, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. S. auxilimentus is amphidromous that live in both freshwater and marine environments. This species is currently listed as Vulnerable (VU) within the IUCN Red List Status. The specimen was identified as male S. auxilimentus based on the coloration of the preserved specimen: background yellowish; scale edges brown; posterior flanks and caudal peduncle orange; first dorsal fin black, second dorsal fin dusky black; pectoral fin slightly brown; ventral fin slightly dusky; anal fin blackish; caudal fin dusky brown. Specific morphological features were as follows: the base of the first dorsal fin was not connected to the second dorsal fin base; distance between the base of first and second dorsal fin was generally less than half of eye diameter; ventral fin rays were fused to belly only between fifth rays; posterior margin of caudal fins rays was rounded; scales were all ctenoid; scales appeared on the caudal peduncle, and between anal and second dorsal fins; anterior to which, scales became widely spaced and did not imbricate. Meristic characters were as follows: first dorsal fin rays VI; second dorsal fin rays I+9; ventral fin rays I+5; pectoral-fin rays 14; anal-fin rays I+9; caudal-fin rays 13; scales in lateral series 13; scales in zigzag series 7; scales in transverse series backward 7; scales in transerves series forward 4. This finding is considered the first record in Sulawesi and the fifth from Indonesian waters after findings in Halmahera, Java, Bali and Lombok. This record enhances the understanding of the distribution of S. auxilimentus in Indonesian waters. Monitoring is needed to assess the possibility of Sangihe Island being a growth ground, spawning ground, and/or on the migration route of S. auxilimentus. In the Laine waterfall, Sangihe island, freshwater conditions were as follows: salinity 3.5 psu, temperature 23-25°C, and dissolved oxygen 7.7-9.2 mg/l, which were ideal habitat for S. auxilimentus. S. auxilimentus from Sangihe Island, had 0.000 genetic distance than from S. auxilimentus from Bali, while the next closest genetic distance was S. zosterophorus at genetic distance of 0.090. In addition to onsite conservation, domestication programs are needed to increase commercial availability without depending on natural catches.
TL;DR: The result showed that the two most pathogenic isolates were JgCrJr and JgSPK isolates of Beauveria sp.
Abstract: . Gustianingtyas M, Herlinda S, Suwandi. 2021. The endophytic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia) and their pathogenicity against the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Biodiversitas 22: 1051-1062. Maize in Indonesia is currently experiencing attacks and outbreaks of the new invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The S. frugiperda larvae emerge from the leaf midrib when eating, after hiding in the maize stalk so that it is difficult to control by contact. This study aimed to find out the endophytic fungi from the roots of maize, banana and chili in South Sumatra and to determine their pathogenicity against S. frugiperda larvae. The endophytic fungi were isolated from the plant roots. Fungal isolates proven to be endophytic were dropped (1 × 106 conidia mL?1) on the second instar larvae. The result showed that the endophytic fungi found were 8 isolates consisting of the genus, Aspergillus sp., Beauveria sp., Chaetomium sp., and Curvularia sp. First report of Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., and Curvularia sp. have insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda larvae. However, the two most pathogenic isolates were JgCrJr and JgSPK isolates of Beauveria sp. with larval mortality of 29.33% and 26.67%, respectively, and could reduce the emergence of S. frugiperda adults up to 44%. So, the two isolates of Beauveria sp. have a high potential to be developed to control S. frugiperda larvae in maize both in the lowlands and the highlands.
TL;DR: Fathir et al. as mentioned in this paper conducted an ethnobotanical study of jamu used by Madura ethnic in Pamekasan District, Madura Island, Indonesia by focusing on the specific use of it for maintaining stamina.
Abstract: . Fathir A, Haikal M, Wahyudi D. 2021. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for maintaining stamina in Madura ethnic, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 386-392. The use of herbal medicine that expands rapidly across the world opens a lot of opportunities for drug exploration and discovery through ethnobotanical study. Therefore, countries with high level of biological and cultural diversity like Indonesia have great opportunities to achieve this goal, and even Indonesia has its own term for a group of herbal medicine, called jamu. This research aimed to conduct ethnobotanical study of jamu used by Madura ethnic in Pamekasan District, Madura Island, Indonesia by focusing on the specific use of it for maintaining stamina. Structured interviews with purposively selected respondents of 80 knowledgeable elder women were performed to gain insights about the medicinal herb used by them. Our study found 10 recipes of jamu used by Madura ethnic for maintaining stamina. These recipes contain 19 medicinal plants belonging to 16 genera and 11 families, with the family of Zingiberaceae contributed to the largest share of species used with eight species. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) was the species with the highest use-value by the respondents and the rhizomes were the most favorable plant organ used. In conclusion, the diversity of medicinal plants used by Madura ethnic could contribute to the development of new plant-based drugs, especially those for maintaining stamina.
TL;DR: Pricillia et al. as discussed by the authors examined the optimal environmental conditions to support blue carbon storage in mangrove forest, Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Pricillia CC, Patria MP, Herdiansyah H. 2021. Environmental conditions to support blue carbon storage in mangrove forest: A case study in the mangrove forest, Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3304-3314. Mangrove ecosystems can provide ecosystem services to mitigate climate change by absorbing and storing carbon in their systems. The question arises of how to manage a mangrove forest to store more carbon. The Nusa Lembongan mangrove forest was examined to assess the optimal environmental settings for blue carbon storage in the mangrove ecosystem. Five stations were selected purposively. The parameters observed in each station were aboveground living biomass, mangrove stand density, clay percentage in soil, bulk density, water content, soil organic carbon (%C), and soil organic nitrogen (%N). Based on this study, the total carbon stock in mangrove forest Nusa Lembongan was 68.10 ± 20.92 Mg C ha-1 and equals to 249.95 ± 76.77 MgCO2 ha-1 with a significant contribution of soil carbon stock. This study indicates that the essential parameters that can promote carbon sequestration in mangrove forest Nusa Lembongan were aboveground living biomass, soil organic carbon content and soil organic nitrogen content. In addition, as soil organic carbon content also negatively correlates with bulk density, it also can be considered. These findings can contribute to blue carbon planning and management to improve the effectiveness of the blue carbon project.
TL;DR: Hasani et al. as discussed by the authors verified the ability of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.)) as a phytoremediation agent for iron concentration in water at the sand mining area, in East Lampung Regency, Indonesia.
Abstract: Hasani Q, Pratiwi NTM, Wardiatno Y, Effendi H, Martin AN, Efendi E, Pirdaus P. 2020. Phytoremediation of Iron (Fe) in Ex-sand Mining Waters by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms). The high concentration of iron (Fe) has allegedly caused the water quality of puddles at sand mining area. The poor water quality, in which high contentrations of iron will to a reduction in aquaculture production. This study verified the ability of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.)) as a phytoremediation agent for iron (Fe) concentration in water at the sand mining area, in East Lampung Regency, Indonesia. The study was carried out with 3 treatments and 3 replication each, including the treatment of (i) 25% water surface coverage, (ii) 50% water surface coverage, and (iii) 75% water surface coverage of water hyacinth. Measurement of Fe concentrations, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) once a week, until Fe concentrations in water are adequate for aquaculture. This was achieved for 21 days. The results showed that the highest percentage reduction of Fe (97.49%) was observed at water hyacinth cover area 50%. The highest value of BCF was 2385.51, while the highest TF was 1.14 in stems and 1.02 in leaves. The results of this study open up opportunities for use water in ex-sand mining areas for aquaculture by the community and its management by the Government of East Lampung Regency, Lampung, Indonesia.
TL;DR: Ismail et al. as mentioned in this paper used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the active compounds in gambier liquid by-product (GLB) using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupled the mass spectrometry time of flight (LC-MS/MS QTOF) positive (ESI+) and negative ionization modes.
Abstract: . Ismail AS, Rizal Y, Kasim A. 2021. Identification of bioactive compounds in gambier (Uncaria gambir) liquid by-product in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1474-1480. Gambier liquid by-product (GLB) is a by-product of gambier production, alleged to contain similar flavonoid compounds. Currently, there is no available information on the active components of GLB. This study, therefore, aims to identify the active compounds in GLB using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and screen for active compounds using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupled the mass spectrometry time of flight (LC-MS/MS QTOF) positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) ionization modes. The results of the functional-group identification spectra showed 5 peaks, and the GLB was characterized by a hydroxyl group (OH) at 3423.22 cm-1 wavelength, indicating a phenolic compound. Meanwhile, CO2 was identified at 2360.92 and 2344.84, C=O at 1654.43 and C-H stretching at 1400.26 cm-1 wavelength. LC-MS/MS screening in ESI+ mode identified that the GLB contained 22 active compounds, while the ESI- mode confirmed that the GLB had 14 active compounds. Based on these two ionization modes, nine compounds, quercetin 3-glucoside, gallocatechin-4beta-OI, (-)-epi-afzelechin, quercetin-3-O-(2G-?-Lrhamnosyl)-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-?-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-?-L-rhamnoside, epigallocatechin 3-O-P-coumarate, quercetin 3-O-(6''-acetyl-galactoside) 7-O-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-(4''-acetylrhamnoside) 7-rhamnoside were discovered. Therefore, GLB was discovered to contain 27 active compounds that all of these compounds are flavonoid group, and some of these substances are also present in the gambier product.
TL;DR: Benlembarek et al. as mentioned in this paper determined the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Rhus tripartita essential oils from Algeria by GC-GC/MS analysis.
Abstract: . Benlembarek K, Lograda T, Ramdani M, Figueredo G, Chalard P. 2021. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Rhus tripartita essential oils from Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 482-492. The yield of Rhus tripartita essential oils in Algeria is low with an average of 0.16 ± 0.017. The chemical composition of the oils was determined by GC-GC / MS analysis. Seventy-eight compounds were identified with an average of 92.3 ± 26.4% in the total oil. The ?-pinene (58.72 ± 14.45%), ?3-carene (5.21 ± 6.89%), caryophyllene-Z (4.55 ± 4.68%) and ?-pinene (3.07 ± 1 85%) are the major components of the oils of R. tripartita populations. The results reveal a notable difference between the chemical composition of essential oils from male and female populations. The oils of this species are composed of four chemotypes, the ?3-carene, ?-pinene; limonene chemotype characterizes the male populations of Tamanrasset and Boussaada. The ?-pinene - ?3-carene - caryophyllene-Z chemotype characterizes the male populations of M’sila and Mergueb. The female M’sila population is characterized by the ?-pinene - ?3-carene - ?-cadinene chemotype. The remaining populations show the ?-pinene - ?-pinene - caryophyllene-Z chemotype. The evaluation of antibacterial activities reveals that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not sensitive to the essential oils of R. tripartita. In contrast, Enterococcus faecalis is the most sensitive to the oils.
TL;DR: It is suggested that diverse endophytic fungi colonize tubers of cassava growing in Indonesia.
Abstract: . Hartanti AT, Susanti FN, Prasasty VD, Radiastuti N. 2021. Culturable endophytic fungal diversity in cassava tubers of Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1250-1260. Fungal endophytes are found in plant tissue and do not harm the host plant. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the third staple food besides rice and corn. This study aimed to identify the diversity of endophytic fungi in the cassava from several regions in Indonesia, including Bogor, Lembang, Makasar, Serang, Singaraja (Buleleng), Subang, Wonogiri, and Wonosobo. The endophytic fungi were isolated and were molecularly characterized using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence (ITS4 and ITS5). Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the MEGA 7 with a bootstrap value of 1000 repetitions. All 14 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from different regions. Of these six isolates belonged to genus Fusarium (F. solani FS5, F. lichenicola FS2, F. lichenicola FS4, F oxysporum FS1, F. falciforme FS3, F. falciforme FS6), and four to the genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus sp. FS7, Aspergillus sp. FS8, Aspergillus sp. FS9 and A. fumigatus FS10). In addition, Nectria pseudotrichia, Lasiodiplodia sp., Penicillium citrinum, and Schizophyllum commune were also isolated from cassava tubers. In conclusion, it suggested that diverse endophytic fungi colonize tubers of cassava growing in Indonesia.
TL;DR: Susandarini et al. as discussed by the authors document the traditional knowledge on the diversity of food plants and medicinal plants used in maternal health care by Malays tribes living within the Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve, Kampar Kiri Hulu Subdistrict, Riau Province, Indonesia.
Abstract: . Susandarini R, Khasanah U, Rosalia N. 2021. Ethnobotanical study of plants used as food and for maternal health care by the Malays communities in Kampar Kiri Hulu, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3111-3120. Studies to reveal the diversity of food plants on communities living in remote areas with limited access to the market are important as an effort in documenting the traditional knowledge. The same applies to the diversity of medicinal plants used in maternal health care for communities that have limited access to public health facilities. The documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge is not only for the purpose of developing the potential of these plants, but also could have an impact on their conservation in nature. This study aims to document the traditional knowledge on the diversity of food plants and medicinal plants used in maternal health care by Malays tribes living within the Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve, Kampar Kiri Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar District, Riau Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted in three villages by collecting data through interviews and followed by fieldwork to collect plant specimens for identification. Data on food plant diversity data were obtained from 20 informants, while data on the diversity and use of medicinal plants for maternal health care were obtained from 73 informants. The results showed that there were 76 species of food plants from 35 families. These food plants were used as secondary food ingredients, vegetables, fruit and spices with most of these plants were obtained from the yard of the house. Plants used for maternal health care identified from this study were 34 species from 26 families. These plants were used for various purposes during pregnancy, child delivery, postpartum recovery, and infant health care. The diversity of food plants and medicinal plants for maternal health care documented in this study showed the valuable role of plant resources in supporting daily needs and health care of the communities living in the fringe of forest area.
TL;DR: The somatic chromosome numbers and karyotypes of four species of the genus Amomum Roxb.
Abstract: . Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2021. Diversity and cytological studies on the genus Amomum Roxb. former Elettariopsis Baker (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 3209-3218. A comprehensive diversity and cytological studies of the genus Amomum Roxb. in Thailand have not been reported. This work aims to study the diversity and cytological including chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the genus Amomum Roxb. former Elettariopsis Bakerin Thailand. Ten species of Amomum were recognized from Thailand. Nomenclatures, vernacular names, distribution, ecology, and traditional utilization are provided. Only Amomum wandokthong is widely cultivated in all parts in Thailand. Four living species, i.e. Amomum curtisii, A. monophyllum, A. trilobum, and A. wandokthong have been collected from field trips. Therefore, the somatic chromosome numbers from four species of this genus were studied from root tips. The somatic chromosome numbers of each species in this study were counted from 20 cells. The karyotype formulas were derived from measurements of the metaphase chromosomes in photomicrographs. The chromosome numbers of four species were found to be 2n = 48. Karyotypes of four species were reported to be Amomum curtisii (32m + 8sm + 8st), A. monophyllum (26m + 12sm + 10st), A. trilobum (18m + 24sm + 6st), and A. wandokthong (28m + 16sm + 4st with five visible satellites chromosomes). The chromosome numbers of A. monophyllum and A. wandokthong were reported for the first time. The karyotypes of four species were studied for the first time.
TL;DR: Two formulas, F17 and F94, were the best formulas to control disease caused by F. oxysporum with disease suppression of 74% in sterile soil and 80-85% in non-sterile soil and could be recommended as biocontrol and plant growth promoters of soybean.
Abstract: . Sari M, Nawangsih AA, Wahyudi AT. 2021. Rhizosphere Streptomyces formulas as the biological control agent of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and plant growth promoter of soybean. Biodiversitas 22: 3015-3023. Rhizosphere Streptomyces are considered as promising sources of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biocontrol agents against pathogenic fungi, particularly Fusarium oxysporum causing root rot, cotyledon rot, hypocotyl rot, and stunted growth in soybean. Formulation of rhizosphere Streptomyces with appropriate carrier materials is necessary to facilitate storage and application in plants. This study aimed to develop a formulation of rhizosphere Streptomyces, apply the formula to control F. oxysporum, and promote soybean plant growth. Five Streptomyces isolates, i.e., Streptomyces panaciradicis ARK 13, Streptomyces tritolerans ARK 17, Streptomyces recifensis ARK 63, Streptomyces tendae ARK 91, and Streptomyces manipurensis ARK 94 were used in this study. All of the isolates could grow in potato broth, rice bran extract, and molasses as alternative media. The highest biomass produced from the molasses growth medium. All five isolates had antifungal activity against F. oxysporum with the inhibition percentage ranging from 41% to 76%, and all of them were detected to have the iaaM gene. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) hormone produced by these isolates were ranging from 8.99-15.14 mg L-1, with the phosphate solubilization index of 2.13-2.47. Five rhizosphere Streptomyces formulas with the main carrier of peat could maintain the viability with the population density of 108 CFU g-1 for 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. Two formulas, F17 and F94, were the best formulas to control disease caused by F. oxysporum with disease suppression of 74% in sterile soil and 80-85% in non-sterile soil. Formula F17 and F94 significantly increased soybean growth in sterile and non-sterile soils. Therefore, these formulas could be recommended as biocontrol and plant growth promoters of soybean.
TL;DR: The results showed that (i) the genotypes tested showed wide genetic and phenotypic diversity, and (ii) based on the analysis of GDC, PDC, and broad sense heritability, the appearance of phenotypes of several agronomic characters was controlled by genetic factors.
Abstract: Kartahadimaja J, Utomo SD, Yuliadi E, Salam AK, Warsono, Wahyudi A. 2021. Agronomic characters, genetic and phenotypic diversity coefficients, and heritability of 12 genotypes of rice. Biodiversitas 22: 1091-1097. The achievement of national rice production is always below the target. One of the causes is the low productivity of the varieties grown due to the stagnant g enetic capacity of these varieties. The assembly of new lines through breeding is one solution that can increase the genetic capacity of new varieties. Genetic diversity is one of the factors that influence the success of plant breeding. Ten new F9 rice lines were s uccessfully assembled showing various phenotypes. The identification of the specific advantages of each of these new rice lines was based largely on the phenotypic response. The research objective was to identify the genetic advantages of each line through the analysis a pproach of genetic diversity coefficient (GDC), Phenotific Diversity Coefficient (PDC), and broad-sense heritability. The research was designed on a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with ten new F9 rice lines and two comparison varieties as treatments, repeated three times. The variables observed were plant height, maximum number of tillers, number of productive tillers, flowering time, harvesting time, panicle length, number of grain per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, number of empty grain p er panicle, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, and grain yield per hectare. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there was a difference between the mean values, it was continued with a 5% LSD test. The results showed that (i) the genotypes tested showed wide genetic and phenotypic diversity, (ii) based on the analysis of GDC, PDC, and broad sense heritability, the appearance of phenotypes of several agronomic characters was controlled by genetic factors.
Keywords: Agronomic characters, genetic diversity, heritability, phenotypic diversity, rice production
Abbreviations: GDC: diversity coefficient; PDC: phenotypic diversity coefficient
TL;DR: Cordero et al. as discussed by the authors documented the medicinal plants used by the indigenous Ati tribe in Sitio Pantad, Brgy. Igcalawagan, Tobias Fornier, Antique, Philippines.
Abstract: . Cordero CS, Alejandro GJD. 2021. Medicinal plants used by the indigenous Ati tribe in Tobias Fornier, Antique, Philippines. Biodiversitas 22: 521-538. This study documented the medicinal plants used by the indigenous Ati tribe in Sitio Pantad, Brgy. Igcalawagan, Tobias Fornier, Antique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the tribal chieftain, council of elders, herb doctors, and other members of the tribe who have indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants in traditional medicine. The Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor, and Fidelity Level were used to determine the plants’ importance. A total of 108 plant species distributed in 97 genera and 44 families were used by the Ati to treat 67 diseases in 12 categories. The family Fabaceae was best represented with 15 species, followed by Lamiaceae with 12 species, and Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Poaceae with 5 species each. The most frequently used part was the leaf and the most common method of preparation and administration was decoction that was taken orally. One of the most culturally important medicinal plants was Euphorbia hirta L. with the highest use value (0.59) for treating visual problems, dengue, typhoid fever, and headache. The result of this study serves as an ethnobotanical base for drug research and formulation, as well as creating the needed awareness for preserving ethnomedicine as a safe and effective alternative means in the health care delivery system.