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TL;DR: In this article, the authors utilize a sample of approximately 6,000 middle-school students to examine the youth gang phenomenon using five increasingly restrictive membership definitions, the least restrictive definition includes all youth who claim gang membership at some point in time, and the most restrictive definition only those youth who are current core gang members who indicate that their gang has some degree of organizational structure and whose members are involved in illegal activities.

TL;DR: The authors explored the impact of work environment, work family conflict, and coping mechanisms on physical and psychological stresses of police officers, and found divergent impact of exposures to negative work environment and camaraderie on different measures of work related stresses across the two gender groups.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the effect of the agency work environment on officers' job satisfaction in addition to the usual demographic variables, finding that a police agency's work environment is a principal source of job satisfaction, regardless of the measure of the dependent variable employed.

TL;DR: The results indicate that active consent procedures produce deleterious effects on participation rates and lead to an underrepresentation of at-risk youth in the sample.

TL;DR: This paper explored the effect of individual perceptions of work environment on male officer stress and found that an individual's perceptions of their work environment do have a significant impact on police officer stress, and that the levels of five dimensions of workplace stress are similar to adult males in the U.S. workforce.