https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5675010/file/5675027.pdf

Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/42435904/2014_06_04_Impact_of_Fuel_and_Injection_System_on_Particle_Emissions_from_a_GDI_Engine_revised_version_APEN_D_14_01085.pdf

Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine

A paradigm shift towards the utilization of carbon-neutral and low emission fuels is necessary in the internal combustion engine industry to fulfil the carbon emission goals and future legislation requirements in many countries. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and main fuel is a promising option due to its carbon-free content, wide flammability limits and fast flame speeds. For spark-ignited internal combustion engines, utilizing hydrogen direct injection has been proven to achieve high engine power output and efficiency with low emissions. This review provides an overview of the current development and understanding of hydrogen use in internal combustion engines that are usually spark ignited, under various engine operation modes and strategies. This paper then proceeds to outline the gaps in current knowledge, along with better potential strategies and technologies that could be adopted for hydrogen direct injection in the context of compression-ignition engine applications—topics that have not yet been extensively explored to date with hydrogen but have shown advantages with compressed natural gas.

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

Is the H2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H2 usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities.

Effect of hydrogen on ethanol–biodiesel blend on performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine

Mixture Formation in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines: CFD and Optical Analysis of Single- and Multi-Hole Nozzles.

A Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine Concept that Exceeds U.S. DOE Light-Duty Efficiency Targets

Particulate Characteristics for Varying Engine Operation in a Gasoline Spark Ignited, Direct Injection Engine

Numerical and Optical Evolution of Gaseous Jets in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines

This chapter provides an overview on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs). First, pros and cons are discussed for using hydrogen to fuel ICEs versus fuel cells. Then, the properties of hydrogen pertinent to engine operation are briefly reviewed, after which the present state of the art of hydrogen engines is discussed. Ongoing research efforts are highlighted next, which primarily aim at maximizing engine efficiency throughout the load range, while keeping emissions at ultralow levels. Finally, the challenges for reaching these goals and translating laboratory results to production are discussed.

/pdf/update-on-the-progress-of-hydrogen-fueled-internal-bnrz3i39m3.pdf

Nicholas S. Matthias

Papers

Mixture Formation in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines: CFD and Optical Analysis of Single- and Multi-Hole Nozzles.

A Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine Concept that Exceeds U.S. DOE Light-Duty Efficiency Targets

Particulate Characteristics for Varying Engine Operation in a Gasoline Spark Ignited, Direct Injection Engine

Numerical and Optical Evolution of Gaseous Jets in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines

Update on the progress of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines