The ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis involves a large number of plant and fungal taxa worldwide During studies on EcM diversity, numerous misidentifications, and contradictory reports on EcM status have been published This review aims to: (1) critically assess the current knowledge of the fungi involved in the EcM by integrating data from axenic synthesis trials, anatomical, molecular, and isotope studies; (2) group these taxa into monophyletic lineages based on molecular sequence data and published phylogenies; (3) investigate the trophic status of sister taxa to EcM lineages; (4) highlight other potentially EcM taxa that lack both information on EcM status and DNA sequence data; (5) recover the main distribution patterns of the EcM fungal lineages in the world Based on critically examining original reports, EcM lifestyle is proven in 162 fungal genera that are supplemented by two genera based on isotopic evidence and 52 genera based on phylogenetic data Additionally, 33 genera are highlighted as potentially EcM based on habitat, although their EcM records and DNA sequence data are lacking Molecular phylogenetic and identification studies suggest that EcM symbiosis has arisen independently and persisted at least 66 times in fungi, in the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota The orders Pezizales, Agaricales, Helotiales, Boletales, and Cantharellales include the largest number of EcM fungal lineages Regular updates of the EcM lineages and genera therein can be found at the UNITE homepage http://uniteutee/EcM_lineages The vast majority of EcM fungi evolved from humus and wood saprotrophic ancestors without any obvious reversals Herbarium records from 11 major biogeographic regions revealed three main patterns in distribution of EcM lineages: (1) Austral; (2) Panglobal; (3) Holarctic (with or without some reports from the Austral or tropical realms) The holarctic regions host the largest number of EcM lineages; none are restricted to a tropical distribution with Dipterocarpaceae and Caesalpiniaceae hosts We caution that EcM-dominated habitats and hosts in South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia remain undersampled relative to the north temperate regions In conclusion, EcM fungi are phylogenetically highly diverse, and molecular surveys particularly in tropical and south temperate habitats are likely to supplement to the present figures Due to great risk of contamination, future reports on EcM status of previously unstudied taxa should integrate molecular identification tools with axenic synthesis experiments, detailed morphological descriptions, and/or stable isotope investigations We believe that the introduced lineage concept facilitates design of biogeographical studies and improves our understanding about phylogenetic structure of EcM fungal communities

Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages

Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity

http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Comparison-of-the-effectiveness-of-composting-and-vermicomposting.pdf

Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1212592.pdf

Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground

In this study we tested whether communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonizing the roots of maize (Zea mays L.) were affected by soil tillage practices (plowing, chiseling, and no-till) in a long-term field experiment carried out in Tanikon (Switzerland). AMF were identified in the roots using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers that had been developed for the AMF previously isolated from the soils of the studied site. A nested PCR procedure with primers of increased specificity (eukaryotic, then fungal, then AMF species or species-group specific) was used. Sequencing of amplified DNA confirmed that the DNA obtained from the maize roots was of AMF origin. Presence of particular AMF species or species-group was scored as a presence of a DNA product after PCR with specific primers. We also used single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) of amplified DNA samples to check if the amplification of the DNA from maize roots matched the expected profile for a particular AMF ...

Soil tillage affects the community structure of mycorrhizal fungi in maize roots

Composting of pruning waste, leaves and grass clippings was monitored by different parameters. A windrow composting pile, having the dimensions 2.5 m (height) x 30 m (length) was establish. The maturation of pruning waste compost was accompanied by a decline in NH4+-N concentration, water soluble C (WSC) and an increase in NO3–-N content. Both organic matter (OM) content and total N (TN) losses during composting followed a first-order kinetic equation. These results were in agreement with the microbiological activity measured either by the CO2 respiration or dehydrogenase (DH-ase) activity during the process. Statistically significant correlations were found between DH-ase activity, easily biodegradable organic C forms, NH4+-N and NO3–-N concentrations and organic matter content and N losses. For this reason, DH-ase activity and the CO2 evolution could be used as good indicators of pruning waste compost maturity. In contrast, humification parameters data from the organic matter fractionation did not agree with the initially expected values and did not contribute to the assessment of compost maturity. Neither the cation exchange capacity nor the germination index showed a clear tendency during the composting time, suggesting that these parameters are not suitable for evaluating the dynamics of the process.

Chemical and microbiological parameters for the characterisation of the stability and maturity of pruning waste compost

To study the maturity and stability degree of pruning waste, four compost samples originated from pruning waste, leaves, and grass clippings were collected each from a different pilot pile at different stage of the composting process: initial nondecomposed material (C1); 2 months old at the end of t

Evaluation of maturity and stability of pruning waste compost and their effect on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil

The response of a series of soil microbial, chemical, and enzymatic chacacteristics to two different tillage systems (conventional and no-tillage) and two crop rotations (continuous corn and soybean–corn) was evaluated in a long-term field experiment in the Rolling Pampas Region, Marcos Juarez, Cordoba, Argentina. The parameters studied included: oxidizable, soluble and respiration C, total and hydrolyzable N, microbial activity, ammonifiers, nitrifiers, cellulolytic and total microflora, protease and urease activities. After 15 years, oxidizable C, total N and hydrolyzable N showed no differences regarding no-tillage systems. However, differences were found regarding control soil. While soluble C did not exhibit any significant differences, respiration C and microbial activity were indicators sensitive to different treatments. Enzymatic activities, protease in particular, did reflect changes due to management. Fluctuation in microbial population counts were more related to plant residues than to tillage systems.

Chemical and biochemical properties as potential indicators of disturbances.

The objective of this study was to determine patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of Alnus acuminata Kunth at two natural forests in relation to soil parameters at two different seasons (autumn and spring). The soil parameters studied were field capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, available P, total N and organic matter. The percentage of AM colonization was estimated and correlated to soil properties and to two different seasons. The results indicate that the percentage of AM colonization varied among soil types and was higher in spring than autumn. A significant positive correlation was found between AM colonization and electrical conductivity, organic matter and total Nitrogen. Results of this study provide evidence that AM colonization of A. acuminata can be affected by some soil parameters and seasonality.

/pdf/ectomycorrhizal-colonization-of-alnus-acuminata-kunth-in-1w55stvz57.pdf

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Alnus acuminata Kunth in northwestern Argentina in relation to season and soil parameters

The variation in stubble decomposition due to fertilizer incorporation was determined in a typical Argiudoll of the Argentinian rolling pampas. The experiment was conducted for 15 years, which included a no till system under maize (Zea mays L.) and a soybean rotation (Glycine max) with 0 and 45kg N ha–1 nitrogen fertilization treatments, called NFS and FS, respectively. A higher proportion of residues with a high N content was found in the FS plots. The different substrate quality proved to be the regulating factor for mineralization. This activity was indicated by the increase in soil microbial activity and soil carbon light fraction in FS compared to NFS. This carbon light fraction mineralizes rapidly but does not contribute to the most stable components, which are related to synthesis and polymerization of humic acids. No significant differences in humic acid content were found.

Relationship of soil carbon light fraction, microbial activity, humic acid production and nitrogen fertilization in the decaying process of corn stubble

Nilda Marta Arrigo

Papers

Chemical and microbiological parameters for the characterisation of the stability and maturity of pruning waste compost

Evaluation of maturity and stability of pruning waste compost and their effect on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soil

Chemical and biochemical properties as potential indicators of disturbances.

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Alnus acuminata Kunth in northwestern Argentina in relation to season and soil parameters

Relationship of soil carbon light fraction, microbial activity, humic acid production and nitrogen fertilization in the decaying process of corn stubble