On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review

Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are becoming increasingly popular in solving energy selection problems because these problems involve multiple and often conflicting criteria. This paper presents comparative analysis of ranking renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation in Taiwan using four MCDM methods - WSM, VIKOR, TOPSIS, and ELECTRE. The Shannon entropy weight method is used to assess the importance of each criterion for the ranking of RES. After that, four MCDM methods are utilized for quantitative evaluation to rank all available RE alternatives. From the weights estimation results, efficiency is the first priority in all evaluation criteria, followed by job creation, operation, and maintenance cost. The purpose of this study is to rank the priorities of various RES and propose recommendations for Taiwan's RE development. The ranking results show that hydro is the best alternative in Taiwan, followed by solar, wind, biomass and geothermal. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the weights was conducted considering the ranking results heavily depend on the criteria weight. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that when financial or technical aspects are focused upon, hydropower is the best RES because its technology is the most mature and the cost is the lowest in Taiwan. In addition, from an environmental perspective, wind energy is the best choice, and from the social perspective, solar PV is the best choice. The findings of this study can provide useful information to energy decision makers and serve as a reference for Taiwan's energy policy.

Comparative analysis of MCDM methods for ranking renewable energy sources in Taiwan

Access to electric power supply has always had a significant role in promoting improvements in all the society sectors, nevertheless nowadays 1.3 billion of people still do not have electricity access. Moreover, most of them live in rural areas of developing countries which are often isolated, scattered populated and characterized by poor infrastructure and services. In this situation, the growing consideration towards the target of universal access to energy has emphasized the role of rural electrification, and off-grid small-scale generation represents one of the most appropriate options. As a consequence, the scientific literature has devoted attention to this topic with a large number of papers. In this frame, the present analysis focuses on off-grid systems for rural electrification and provides a general framework to this topic and an analytical review of the literature. The work is based on the review of more than 350 papers mainly published from 2000 to 2014 within selected journals, and it is organized in two sections. In the first one we describe the role of small-scale generation systems throughout the process of electrification, the main features of rural areas and their typical energy uses, and we propose a new comprehensive taxonomy for off-grid systems for rural electrification. In the second one we develop an extensive review of the selected literature according to the proposed classification and to five main research areas: Technology: layout and components; Models and methods for simulation and sizing; Techno-economic feasibility analyses and sustainability analyses; Case studies analyses; Policy analyses. The work results in a comprehensive review which organizes and capitalizes the main fundamentals of the addressed topic and provides elements to get acquainted with the literature.

Off-grid systems for rural electrification in developing countries: Definitions, classification and a comprehensive literature review

Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact synergies with the global climate change

Energy Storage Technology and Cost Characterization Report

Photovoltaic embedded generation in low-voltage ac networks is quite popular; however, despite its benefits, there are some problems especially when photovoltaic (PV) penetration exceeds certain thresholds. Among others, voltage violation is of prime importance. Our review of the literature focused on PV penetration limits due to voltage violations in low-voltage (LV) networks. The review revealed that voltage violations can occur at a penetration level as low as 2.5% when a large distributed generator (DG) is installed at a single point. Alternatively, a LV network can host a large number of photovoltaic distributed generators (PVDGs), with a penetration level up to 110% if evenly distributed over shorter lengths. However, an LV network has no rules of thumb for safe penetration limits. Penetration-level calculations have been found that they used numerous approaches, which we have analyzed and discussed to adopt a more rational and unified approach. Our literature review revealed that, in LVs, a very high penetration level can be achieved as compared with medium-voltage (MV) networks. However, MV voltage-level control problems impose a limit for PV hosting in LV networks. There is a need to evolve strategies for robust voltage control at the MV level and to develop certain rules of thumb for PV penetration limits in LV networks independent of the MV level, to increase the PV hosting capacity.

PV Penetration Limits in Low Voltage Networks and Voltage Variations

Comparison the Economic Analysis of the Battery between Lithium-ion and Lead-acid in PV Stand-alone Application☆

The impacts of climatic and economic factors on residential electricity consumption of Bangkok Metropolis

Voltage rise beyond statuary limits in low voltage (LV) ac networks due to high photovoltaic (PV) penetration and its mitigation using multiple techniques was assessed. Investigations using a real rural domestic overhead LV network were done through load flow simulations. A three-phase four wire medium length LV network with a fixed tap transformer and PV inverters operating at unity power factor was able to host PV between 79%–98% of transformer ratings for five different PV configurations. For the case studied at this penetration level three, limiting factors (voltage, thermal loading limits of lines, and transformer) come together. Three techniques were utilized to control the voltage across the LV network. On load tap changer (OLTC) control was found more robust than reactive power control (RPC). Hybrid control (OLTC and RPC) was found beneficial only for extra high PV penetration scenarios. Replacement of a few critical line spans and the existing transformer with higher capacity conductors and an OLTC equipped transformer (higher size) enabled the network to host an additional 50%–90% PV. The unequal distribution of single-phase PV systems among three phases has negative effects on penetration. Consideration of PV integration while planning new LV networks and retrofitting of OLTCs with existing transformers, could make the LV system more PV friendly. The RPC option, though less effective than OLTC due to increased current, can be beneficial at medium penetrations where OLTC may become a costly solution.

Nipon Ketjoy

Papers

PV Penetration Limits in Low Voltage Networks and Voltage Variations

Comparison the Economic Analysis of the Battery between Lithium-ion and Lead-acid in PV Stand-alone Application☆

The impacts of climatic and economic factors on residential electricity consumption of Bangkok Metropolis

Enhancing PV Penetration in LV Networks Using Reactive Power Control and On Load Tap Changer With Existing Transformers

Performance evaluation of a 10kWp PV power system prototype for isolated building in Thailand