On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10(-21). It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410(-180)(+160)  Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09(-0.04)(+0.03). In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36(-4)(+5)M⊙ and 29(-4)(+4)M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62(-4)(+4)M⊙, with 3.0(-0.5)(+0.5)M⊙c(2) radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

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The Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is QCD: the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory and experiment is provided by the methods of perturbative QCD, notably the well-known factorization theorems. Giving an accurate account of the concepts, theorems and their justification, this book is a systematic treatment of perturbative QCD. As well as giving a mathematical treatment, the book relates the concepts to experimental data, giving strong motivations for the methods. It also examines in detail transverse-momentum-dependent parton densities, an increasingly important subject not normally treated in other books. Ideal for graduate students starting their work in high-energy physics, it will also interest experienced researchers wanting a clear account of the subject.

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Foundations of Perturbative QCD

Dyson-Schwinger equations and their application to hadronic physics

http://cds.cern.ch/record/203097/files/CM-P00061869.pdf

Supersymmetry, supergravity theories and the dual spinor model

Nonlinear Realization and Hidden Local Symmetries

The theory of the Bethe-Salpeter equation is reviewed extensively. The main effort is devoted to describing systematically the theoretical results rather than numerical calculations and applications of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. An almost complete bibliography of the Bethe-Salpeter equation also is presented.

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A General survey of the theory of the Bethe-Salpeter equation

Some recent progress in the quantum field theory based on the indefinite- metric Hilbert space is reviewed in a systematic way. Various problems (as shown in the table of contents below) are discussed extensively. The selection of topics is, however, dependent on the present author's interest; undescribed topics are not necessarily meant to be unimportant. An almost complete exposition is given concerning the finite-dimensional indefinite-metric space. On the indefinite-metric quantum field theory, the problem of interpretation and the unltarity of the physical S-matrix are discussed in detail. Also included are a number of new results and remarks on various existing theories. Some of them are construction of a field theory having only one Feynman integral, critical remarks on the quantization of a purely imaginary-mass field and a criticism of the renormalization procedure of the Gupta-Bleuler quantum electrodynamics. (auth)

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Indefinite-Metric Quantum Field Theory

Quantum field theory of Einstein's general relativity is formulated in the indefinite­ metric Hilbert space in such a way that asymptotic fields are manifestly Lorentz covariant and the physical S-matrix is unitary. The general coordinate transformation is transcribed into a q-number transformation, called the BRS transformation. Its abstract definition is presented on the basis of the BRS transformation for the Yang-Mills theory. The BRS transformation for general relativity is then explicitly constructed. The gauge-fixing Lagrangian density and the Faddeev-Popov one are introduced in such a way that their sum behaves like a scalar density under the BRS transformation. One can then proceed in the same way as in the Kugo-Ojima formalism of the Yang-l\1ills theory to estnblish thL> unitarity of the physical S-matrix.

Noboru Nakanishi

Papers

A General survey of the theory of the Bethe-Salpeter equation

Indefinite-Metric Quantum Field Theory

Indefinite-Metric Quantum Field Theory of General Relativity

Review of the Wick-Cutkosky Model

A consistent formulation of the null-plane quantum field theory