5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in the treatment of cancer. Over the past 20 years, increased understanding of the mechanism of action of 5-FU has led to the development of strategies that increase its anticancer activity. Despite these advances, drug resistance remains a significant limitation to the clinical use of 5-FU. Emerging technologies, such as DNA microarray profiling, have the potential to identify novel genes that are involved in mediating resistance to 5-FU. Such target genes might prove to be therapeutically valuable as new targets for chemotherapy, or as predictive biomarkers of response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy.

5-Fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies

Recent developments in isocyanide based multicomponent reactions in applied chemistry

Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001−2011) Jiang Wang,† María Sańchez-Rosello,́‡,§ Jose ́ Luis Aceña, Carlos del Pozo,‡ Alexander E. Sorochinsky, Santos Fustero,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andreś Estelleś, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain Laboratorio de Molećulas Orgańicas, Centro de Investigacioń Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yuf́era 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine

Fluorine in pharmaceutical industry: fluorine-containing drugs introduced to the market in the last decade (2001-2011).

For the capecitabine–fluorouracil comparison, the hazard ratio for death in the capecitabine group was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 0.99); for the oxaliplatin–cisplatin comparison, the hazard ratio for the oxaliplatin group was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.80 to 1.10). The upper limit of the confidence intervals for both hazard ratios excluded the predefined noninferiority margin of 1.23. Median survival times in the ECF, ECX, EOF, and EOX groups were 9.9 months, 9.9 months, 9.3 months, and 11.2 months, respectively; survival rates at 1 year were 37.7%, 40.8%, 40.4%, and 46.8%, respectively. In the secondary analysis, overall survival was longer with EOX than with ECF, with a hazard ratio for death of 0.80 in the EOX group (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.97; P = 0.02). Progression-free survival and response rates did not differ significantly among the regimens. Toxic effects of capecitabine and fluorouracil were similar. As compared with cisplatin, oxaliplatin was associated with lower incidences of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, alopecia, renal toxicity, and thromboembolism but with slightly higher incidences of grade 3 or 4 diarrhea and neuropathy. Conclusions Capecitabine and oxaliplatin are as effective as fluorouracil and cisplatin, respectively, in patients with previously untreated esophagogastric cancer. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN51678883.)

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Capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced esophagogastric cancer.

Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans.

Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue

The design and synthesis of a new tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate, Capecitabine

Use of compounds of formula (I), wherein R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, halogen, cyano, isocyano or azido; R2 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, chlorine, bromine or iodine; R3 is hydrogen; or R?2 and R3? together represent =CH?2?; or R?2 and R3? represent fluorine; X is O, s or CH?2?; a, b, c, d denoting asymmetric carbon atoms each of which is substituted with 4 different substituents; and B signifies a purine base B1 which is connected through the 9-nitrogen of formula (B1), wherein R?4? is hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyl, NR7R8, halogen or SH; R5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylamino, halogen, NR?7R8, NHOR9, NHNR7R8? or SH; R6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyl, NR7R8, halogen, SH or cyano; R?7 and R8? are independently of each other hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxyalkyl, alkenylalkyl, alkynylalkyl, cycloalkyl or acyl; R9 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; or B signifies an oxidised purine base B2 which is connected through the 9-nitrogen of formula (B2), wherein R?4, R5 and R6? are as defined above; or B signifies a purine base B3 which is connected through the 9-nitrogen of formula (B3), wherein R?4 and R6? are as defined above; R10 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; Y is O, S or NR11; R11 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, OR9, heterocyclyl or NR?7R8; R7, R8 and R9? are as defined above; or B signifies a pyrimidine base B4 which is connected through the 1-nitrogen of formula (B4), wherein Z is O or S; R12 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylamino, halogen, NR?7R8, NHOR9, NHNR7R8? or SH; R13 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or halogen; R?7, R8 and R9? are as defined above; or B signifies a pyrimidine base B5 which is connected through the 1-nitrogen of formula (B5), wherein Y, Z, R10 are as defined above for the treatment of diseases mediated by the Hepatitis C Virus (HIV) or for the preparation of a medicament for such treatment. The invention is concerned with novel and known purine and pyrimidine nucleoside derivatives, their use as inhibitors of subgenomic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA replication and pharmaceutical compositions of such compounds.

Nucleoside derivatives for the treatment of hepatitis c

The present invention relates to the use of nucleoside derivatives of formula I wherein B signifies a 9-purinyl residue B1 of formula or a 1-pyrimidyl residue B2 of formula wherein the symbols are as defined in the specification, and of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
 
for the treatment of diseases mediated by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), for the preparation of a medicament for such treatment and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

4'-substituted nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of hcv rna replication

The present invention comprises nucleoside derivatives for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of hepatitis C virus infections. In particular, the present invention discloses the novel use of known 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication and pharmaceutical compositions of such compounds. The compounds of this invention have potential use as therapeutic agents for the treatment of HCV infections.

Nobuo Shimma

Papers

Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue

The design and synthesis of a new tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate, Capecitabine

Nucleoside derivatives for the treatment of hepatitis c

4'-substituted nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of hcv rna replication

Anti-HCV nucleoside derivatives