다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Nuclear forces can be systematically derived using effective chiral Lagrangians consistent with the symmetries of QCD. I review the status of the calculations for two- and three-nucleon forces and their applications in few-nucleon systems. I also address issues like the quark mass dependence of the nuclear forces and resonance saturation for four-nucleon operators.

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Modern theory of nuclear forces

A golden age for heavy-quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the B-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations at BESIII, the LHC, RHIC, FAIR, the Super Flavor and/or Tau-Charm factories, JLab, the ILC, and beyond. The list of newly found conventional states expanded to include h(c)(1P), chi(c2)(2P), B-c(+), and eta(b)(1S). In addition, the unexpected and still-fascinating X(3872) has been joined by more than a dozen other charmonium- and bottomonium-like "XYZ" states that appear to lie outside the quark model. Many of these still need experimental confirmation. The plethora of new states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c (c) over bar, b (b) over bar, and b (c) over bar bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. Lattice QCD has grown from a tool with computational possibilities to an industrial-strength effort now dependent more on insight and innovation than pure computational power. New effective field theories for the description of quarkonium in different regimes have been developed and brought to a high degree of sophistication, thus enabling precise and solid theoretical predictions. Many expected decays and transitions have either been measured with precision or for the first time, but the confusing patterns of decays, both above and below open-flavor thresholds, endure and have deepened. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.

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Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

http://cds.cern.ch/record/257993/files/9401310.pdf

QCD phenomenology based on a chiral effective Lagrangian

A large number of experimental discoveries especially in the heavy quarkonium sector that did not at all fit to the expectations of the until then very successful quark model led to a renaissance of hadron spectroscopy Among various explanations of the internal structure of these excitations, hadronic molecules, being analogues of light nuclei, play a unique role since for those predictions can be made with controlled uncertainty We review experimental evidences of various candidates of hadronic molecules, and methods of identifying such structures Nonrelativistic effective field theories are the suitable framework for studying hadronic molecules, and are discussed in both the continuum and finite volumes Also pertinent lattice QCD results are presented Further, we discuss the production mechanisms and decays of hadronic molecules, and comment on the reliability of certain assertions often made in the literature

Hadronic molecules

We study the glueballs properties at finite temperature using SU(3) lattice QCD at the quenched level with the anisotropic lattice We use the tree-level Symanzik O(a^2) improved action We present our preliminary results which shows the slight reduction of the scalar glueball mass near T_c

Glueball properties in anisotropic SU(3) lattice QCD with improved action

The thermal effects on the quark-gluon mixed condensate g , which is another chiral order parameter, are studied using the SU(3)c lattice QCD with the Kogut-Susskind fermion at the quenched level. We perform the accurate measurement of the mixed condensate as well as the quark condensate for 0MeV / is almost independent of the temperature even in the very vicinity of T_c, which indicates that the two condensates have nontrivial similarity in the chiral behaviors. We also present the correlation between the condensates and the Polyakov loop to understand the vacuum structure of QCD.

The lattice QCD simulation of the quark-gluon mixed condensate g at finite temperature and the phase transition of QCD

We study the quark-gluon mixed condensate g , using the SU(3)c lattice QCD with the Kogut-Susskind fermion at the quenched level. We generate 100 gauge configurations on the 16^4 lattice with \beta = 6.0, and perform the measurement of the mixed condensate at 16 points in each gauge configuration for each current quark mass of m_q=21, 36, 52 MeV. Using the 1600 data for each m_q, we find the ratio between the mixed condensate and the quark condensate, m_0^2 = g / \simeq 2.5 GeV^2 at the lattice scale of 1/a \simeq 2 GeV in the chiral limit. The large value of the mixed condensate suggests its importance in the operator product expansions in QCD. We study also chiral restoration at finite temperature in terms of the mixed condensate, which is another chiral order parameter. We present the lattice QCD results of the mixed condensate at finite temperature.

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The Determination of the Quark-Gluon Mixed Condensate (anti-Q sigma G Q) from Lattice QCD

We aim to construct quark hadron physics based on QCD. First, using lattice QCD, we study mass spectra of positive‐parity and negative‐parity baryons in the octet, the decuplet and the singlet representations of the SU(3) flavor. In particular, we consider the lightest negative‐parity baryon, the Λ(1405), which can be an exotic hadron as the NK molecular state or the flavor‐singlet three‐quark state. We investigate the negative‐parity flavor‐singlet three‐quark state in lattice QCD using the quenched approximation, where the dynamical quark‐anitiquark pair creation is absent and no mixing occurs between the three‐quark and the five‐quark states. Our lattice QCD analysis suggests that the flavor‐singlet three‐quark state is so heavy that the Λ(1405) cannot be identified as the three‐quark state, which supports the possibility of the molecular‐state picture of the Λ(1405). Second, we study thermal properties of the scalar glueball in an anisotropic lattice QCD, and find about 300 MeV mass reduction near th...

Possible Hadronic Molecule Λ(1405) and Thermal Glueballs in SU(3) Lattice QCD

Lattice QCD calculations of baryon forces are performed for the first time with (almost) physical quark masses. $N_f = 2+1$ dynamical clover fermion gauge configurations are generated at the lattice spacing of $a \simeq 0.085$ fm on a $(96 a)^4 \simeq (8.2 {\rm fm})^4$ lattice with quark masses corresponding to $(m_\pi, m_K) \simeq (146, 525)$ MeV. Baryon forces are calculated using the time-dependent HAL QCD method. In this report, we study $\Xi\Xi$ and $NN$ systems both in $^1S_0$ and $^3S_1$-$^3D_1$ channels, and the results for the central and tensor forces as well as phase shifts in the $\Xi\Xi$ $(^1S_0)$ channel are presented.

Noriyoshi Ishii

Papers

Glueball properties in anisotropic SU(3) lattice QCD with improved action

The lattice QCD simulation of the quark-gluon mixed condensate g at finite temperature and the phase transition of QCD

The Determination of the Quark-Gluon Mixed Condensate (anti-Q sigma G Q) from Lattice QCD

Possible Hadronic Molecule Λ(1405) and Thermal Glueballs in SU(3) Lattice QCD

Towards Lattice QCD Baryon Forces at the Physical Point: First Results