抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

/pdf/surface-plasmon-subwavelength-optics-5e55p12p4o.pdf

Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

The unprecedented ability of nanometallic (that is, plasmonic) structures to concentrate light into deep-subwavelength volumes has propelled their use in a vast array of nanophotonics technologies and research endeavours. Plasmonic light concentrators can elegantly interface diffraction-limited dielectric optical components with nanophotonic structures. Passive and active plasmonic devices provide new pathways to generate, guide, modulate and detect light with structures that are similar in size to state-of-the-art electronic devices. With the ability to produce highly confined optical fields, the conventional rules for light-matter interactions need to be re-examined, and researchers are venturing into new regimes of optical physics. In this review we will discuss the basic concepts behind plasmonics-enabled light concentration and manipulation, make an attempt to capture the wide range of activities and excitement in this area, and speculate on possible future directions.

/pdf/plasmonics-for-extreme-light-concentration-and-manipulation-25m55spiva.pdf

Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation.

Keywords: Nanophotonics, Plasmonics Reference EPFL-CONF-175079 Record created on 2012-02-21, modified on 2017-05-10

Resonant tunnelling of surface plasmon-polaritons

Computational nanophotonics has already made a disruptive impact on the photonic and optoelectronic industries and has dramatically influenced the ways today’s optical engineers create, optimize, and use innovative materials and computer-aided services. This Feature Issue presents a set of eleven papers combined under the joint title of Advanced Computational Nanophotonics: From Materials to Devices. The science and art of computational photonics have a long established history, yet interest in new approaches to advanced multiphysics modeling at the nanoscale and hence to innovatory multi-objective optimization techniques for nanophotonics have been growing exponentially in the last decade, and are now the subject of intense cross-disciplinary research efforts. The papers selected for the Feature Issue present a diverse palette of topics that, for example, include a comprehensive review of new optimization techniques, a fundamental theoretical concept of photonic Dirac monopoles, along with new multiphysics approaches to full-wave material modeling in non-linear nanophotonics and, in particular, to innovative modeling of photonic neural networks. Applications of advanced computational methods are additionally showcased with space-time light control by dynamic metasurfaces, polarization control with structured color all-dielectric metafilms, and an optofluidic system driven by a thermoplasmonic element.

Feature issue introduction: advanced computational nanophotonics: from materials to devices

We discuss some of the intrinsic difficulties related to the numerical investigation of near-held optical microscopy. We show how these difficult ies can be handled within the framework of the Green's tensor technique. Investigating practical experimental configurations, we show the strong correlation between the motion of the tip and the near-field signal. In order to investigate this kind of artifacts, we propose a series of experiments based on photonic band gap systems immersed in evanescent fields. The electromagnetic properties of such a system can be changed without changing the the topography of the system at all.

Near-field optical microscopy: contrast mechanisms in standard systems and photonic band gap structures

Chapter 8 Resonant optical antennas and single emitters

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a versatile tool for the precise microscale manipulation of a broad range of substances. To unleash the full potential of DEP for the manipulation of complex molecular-sized particulates such as proteins requires the development of appropriate theoretical models and their comprehensive experimental verification. Here, we construct an original DEP platform and test the Hölzel–Pethig empirical model for protein DEP. Three different proteins are studied: lysozyme, BSA, and lactoferrin. Their molecular Clausius–Mossotti function is obtained by detecting their trapping event via the measurement of the fluorescence intensity to identify the minimum electric field gradient required to overcome dispersive forces. We observe a significant discrepancy with published theoretical data and, after a very careful analysis to rule out experimental errors, conclude that more sophisticated theoretical models are required for the response of molecular entities in DEP fields. The developed experimental platform, which includes arrays of sawtooth metal electrode pairs with varying gaps and produces variations of the electric field gradient, provides a versatile tool that can broaden the utilization of DEP for molecular entities.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04708

Olivier J. F. Martin

Papers

Resonant tunnelling of surface plasmon-polaritons

Feature issue introduction: advanced computational nanophotonics: from materials to devices

Near-field optical microscopy: contrast mechanisms in standard systems and photonic band gap structures

Chapter 8 Resonant optical antennas and single emitters

Protein Dielectrophoresis with Gradient Array of Conductive Electrodes Sheds New Light on Empirical Theory