抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

/pdf/surface-plasmon-subwavelength-optics-5e55p12p4o.pdf

Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices

Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

The unprecedented ability of nanometallic (that is, plasmonic) structures to concentrate light into deep-subwavelength volumes has propelled their use in a vast array of nanophotonics technologies and research endeavours. Plasmonic light concentrators can elegantly interface diffraction-limited dielectric optical components with nanophotonic structures. Passive and active plasmonic devices provide new pathways to generate, guide, modulate and detect light with structures that are similar in size to state-of-the-art electronic devices. With the ability to produce highly confined optical fields, the conventional rules for light-matter interactions need to be re-examined, and researchers are venturing into new regimes of optical physics. In this review we will discuss the basic concepts behind plasmonics-enabled light concentration and manipulation, make an attempt to capture the wide range of activities and excitement in this area, and speculate on possible future directions.

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Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation.

The thermal behavior of visible AIGaInP-GaInP ridge laser diodes is investigated numerically and experimen- tally. It is shown that various parameters critically influence the thermal resistance R of such devices. R is inversely propor- tional to the thermal conductivity of the heatsink. A substantial improvement in R-quite larger than in the AlGaAs system-is achieved for junction-side-down mounting compared to junc- tion-side-up. R depends strongly on the width w of the ridge and this effect is different for junction-side-up or down mount- ing. In the first case, R - log (w) and in the second, R - l/w. The thickness of the soldering material is a sensitive parameter which may increase the value of R by up to 15 K/W. On the other hand, for junction-side-up mounted devices, the top me- tallization layer has a very favorable effect: a 1 pm thick gold layer reduces R by 30%. The dynamics of thermal phenomena is also studied. It is shown that when a laser is switched on the steady state is reached in the ms time range. Finally, our ex- perimental results show a very good agreement with our nu- merical data.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/3/4215/00161317.pdf

Papers Thermal Behavior of Visible AlGaInP-GaInP Ridge Laser Diodes

The surface integral formulation is a flexible, multiscale and accurate tool used to simulate light scattering on periodic nanostructures. Discretization and computations are reduced to the surface of the scatterers in the unit cell.

Multiscale and Accurate Modeling of High Permittivity and Plasmonic Nanostructures

We demonstrate that an ultrathin ridge (&#60; λ/10) can guide Bloch surface waves in a dielectric multilayer. The propagation and polarization properties of the guided modes are investigated with a multi-heterodyne scanning near-field optical microscope.

/pdf/ultrathin-waveguides-for-bloch-surface-waves-near-field-4mawjdxfjm.pdf

Ultrathin waveguides for Bloch surface waves: Near-field analysis of propagation and polarization

Surface Plasmon Resonance: Large‐Area Gold/Parylene Plasmonic Nanostructures Fabricated by Direct Nanocutting (Advanced Optical Materials 1/2013)

These Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne EPFL, n° 1199 (1993) Reference doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-1199Print copy in library catalog Record created on 2005-03-16, modified on 2016-08-08

Olivier J. F. Martin

Papers

Papers Thermal Behavior of Visible AlGaInP-GaInP Ridge Laser Diodes

Multiscale and Accurate Modeling of High Permittivity and Plasmonic Nanostructures

Ultrathin waveguides for Bloch surface waves: Near-field analysis of propagation and polarization

Surface Plasmon Resonance: Large‐Area Gold/Parylene Plasmonic Nanostructures Fabricated by Direct Nanocutting (Advanced Optical Materials 1/2013)

A numerical green"s function approach to investigate vectorial field-matter interactions