Exotic species have become increasingly significant management problems in parks and reserves and frequently complicate restoration projects. At the same time there may be circumstances in which their removal may have unforeseen negative consequences or their use in restoration is desirable. We review the types of effects exotic species may have that are important during restoration and suggest research that could increase our ability to set realistic management goals. Their control and use may be controversial; therefore we advocate consideration of exotic species in the greater context of community structure and succession and emphasize areas where ecological research could bring insight to management dilemmas surrounding exotic species and restoration. For example, an understanding of the potential transience of exotics in a site and the role particular exotics might play in changing processes that influence the course of succession is essential to setting removal priorities and realistic management goals. Likewise, a greater understanding of the ecological role of introduced species might help to reduce controversy surrounding their purposeful use in restoration. Here we link generalizations emerging from the invasion ecology literature with practical restoration concerns, including circumstances when it is practical to use exotic species in restoration.

Exotic plant species as problems and solutions in ecological restoration : A synthesis

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The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities.

https://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/catalyzing_native_parrotta_etal.pdf

Catalyzing native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands

Patterns of understory colonization by native and naturalized trees and shrubs were evaluated in 4.5-year-old plantations of three exotic tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala, on a de- graded coastal grassland site with reference to overstory com- position and understory environmental conditions. 19 second- ary forest species were established in the plantation understories (with a total area of 0.52 ha ), while no natural regeneration occurred in unplanted, though protected, control areas. The majority of these species (90 %) and the total seedling popula- tion (97 %) were zoochorous, indicating the importance of frugivorous bats and particularly birds as facilitators of sec- ondary forest species colonization. Understory species rich- ness and seedling densities were affected significantly by overstory composition, the most abundant regeneration occur- ring beneath Leucaena and least under Casuarina. Understory colonization rates within mixed-species stands were interme- diate between those of single-species stands of the trees com- prising their overstories. Significant negative correlations were found between understory species richness and seedling den- sity, and forest floor depth and dry mass, especially for small- seeded ornithochorous species. Higher colonization rates near the peripheries of plantation plots relative to plot interiors were due in part to roosting site preferences by frugivores, particularly bats. The study results indicate that overstory species selection can exert a significant influence on subsequent patterns of colonization by secondary forest species and is an important consideration in the design of plantations for 'catalyzing' succession on deforested, degraded sites.

Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site

Methods of Vegetation Study

An innovative discipline of vermiculture biotechnology, the breeding and propagation of earthworms and the use of its castings has become an important tool of waste recycling the world over. Epigeics like Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus euginiae have been used in converting organic wastes (agro waste and domestic refuse) into vermicompost. In FRI, the division of Ecology and Environment has started a project on vermitechnology using the earthworm species Eisenia foetida.

http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Vermicomposting.pdf

Vermicomposting: A Better Option for Organic Solid Waste Management

The present study evaluates the utility of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data for detection, mapping and patch information extraction of the invasive weed, Lantana camara. The test site was a part of the Rajaji National Park forest in Uttarakhand. The major natural vegetation type present in the area is sal (Shorea robusta) forest. L. camara grows profusely in degraded and sparse forests in the park. The IRS LISS-IV and LISS-IV plus Cartosat-1 merged data were used to test their suitability for differentiation of Lantana from the surrounding vegetation with digital classification. The merged product facilitated maximum differentiation (96.4%) followed by LISS-IV (92.9%). Cartosat-1 (alone) resulted in poor accuracy (65%). A similar trend among data sets was seen in the identification of the number and size of Lantana patches. The study demonstrated the high potential of LISS-IV and Cartosat-1 merged data for differentiation and mapping of L. camara. Resumen: El presente estudio evalua la utilidad de los datos del Satelite Indio de Percepcion Remota para la deteccion, cartografia y extraccion de informacion de los parches de la especie invasora Lantana camara. El sitio de prueba fue una porcion del bosque en el Parque Nacional Rajaji, en Uttarakhand. El principal tipo de vegetacion natural presente en el area es el bosque de sal (Shorea robusta). L. camara crece profusamente en los bosques degradados y dispersos en el parque. Los datos del IRS LISS-IV y del LISS-IV, mas los datos combinados del Cartosat-1, fueron probados para determinar si eran adecuados para diferenciar a Lantana de la vegetacion circundante con la clasificacion digital. El producto combinado hizo posible la diferenciacion maxima (96.4%), seguido por LISS-IV (92.9%). Cartosat-1 (por si solo) resulto en una exactitud baja (65%). Se observo una tendencia similar entre los conjuntos de datos en la identificacion del numero y tamano de los parches de Lantana. El estudio demostro el potencial alto de los datos combinados LISS-IV y Cartosat-1 para la diferenciacion y la cartografia de L. camara.

Remote sensing to map the invasive weed, Lantana camara in forests

Investigation on dynamics of double emulsion droplet in a uniform electric field

The dynamics of a compound drop suspended in another immiscible fluid in the presence of an AC electric field is investigated experimentally and using analytical theory. A closed-form analytical expression for the mean deformation and amplitude of deformation at cyclical steady state is derived in the small deformation limit. Experiments were performed with 0.1M NaCl/castor oil compound drops suspended in highly viscous silicone oil. In this case, both the core and the shell deform into prolate spheroids. The effect of two independent variables was investigated, namely, the ratio of the core radius to the shell radius and the frequency (ω) of the applied AC field. In the limit of ω → 0, the present analytical model reduces to the DC electric field model for the compound drop. It was observed that the size of the core significantly affects the dynamics of the compound drop. The mean and the amplitude of deformation of the shell increase considerably with an increase in the radius ratio. Since the present m...

Electrohydrodynamics of a concentric compound drop in an AC electric field

We have fabricated PMMA/SiO2 nanocomposite flexible thin films of 60 μm thicknesses by using solution casting method in the presence of transverse electric field. In this paper, we have investigated the effect of SiO2 nanoparticle (NP) loading on optical and mechanical properties of the composite thin film. The SEM images show that nanocomposite thin films have a smoother and uniform morphology. The transmittance peak near 1103 cm−1 in FT-IR spectrum confirms the presence of SiO2 NPs in the composite thin film. It is observed that optical bandgap decreases with an increase in the SiO2 NP concentration. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that presence of SiO2 NP enhances the mechanical strength of the composite thin film.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/aaa0f7/pdf

P. Soni

Papers

Vermicomposting: A Better Option for Organic Solid Waste Management

Remote sensing to map the invasive weed, Lantana camara in forests

Investigation on dynamics of double emulsion droplet in a uniform electric field

Electrohydrodynamics of a concentric compound drop in an AC electric field

Optical, mechanical and structural properties of PMMA/SiO 2 nanocomposite thin films