抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Surface plasmons are waves that propagate along the surface of a conductor. By altering the structure of a metal's surface, the properties of surface plasmons--in particular their interaction with light--can be tailored, which offers the potential for developing new types of photonic device. This could lead to miniaturized photonic circuits with length scales that are much smaller than those currently achieved. Surface plasmons are being explored for their potential in subwavelength optics, data storage, light generation, microscopy and bio-photonics.

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Surface plasmon subwavelength optics

We review the field of cavity optomechanics, which explores the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and nano- or micromechanical motion This review covers the basics of optical cavities and mechanical resonators, their mutual optomechanical interaction mediated by the radiation pressure force, the large variety of experimental systems which exhibit this interaction, optical measurements of mechanical motion, dynamical backaction amplification and cooling, nonlinear dynamics, multimode optomechanics, and proposals for future cavity quantum optomechanics experiments In addition, we describe the perspectives for fundamental quantum physics and for possible applications of optomechanical devices

Cavity Optomechanics

Photonic crystal fibers guide light by corralling it within a periodic array of microscopic air holes that run along the entire fiber length Largely through their ability to overcome the limitations of conventional fiber optics—for example, by permitting low-loss guidance of light in a hollow core—these fibers are proving to have a multitude of important technological and scientific applications spanning many disciplines The result has been a renaissance of interest in optical fibers and their uses

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/299/5605/358.full.pdf

Photonic crystal fibers

A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

We review our results of hybrid photonic crystal fibers. We explain the important properties of spiralling plasmons on wires and in arrays and discuss our main experimental achievements such as excitation of superplasmon modes. Moreover, we'll discuss our developments sophisticated polarization devices.

Recent developments in hybrid photonic crystal fiber

Polarization modulation instability in a birefringence photonic crystal fiber has been observed in the normal dispersion regime with a frequency shift of 64 THz between the generated frequencies and the pump frequency.

Experimental Observation of Polarization Modulation Instability in a Photonic Crystal Fiber

Nonlinear effects play a central role in the propagation of ultrafast pulses in optical fibers. Various effects occurring during femtosecond pulse propagation in telecommunications and photonic crystal fibers are addressed.

Ultrafast nonlinear optics in conventional and photonic crystal fibers

Nonlinear optomechanical refractive index changes ~104× larger than the Kerr effect are measured experimentally in a unique device consisting of two closely-spaced glass "nanowebs" suspended inside a capillary fibre. Finite element modelling confirms the results.

P. St. J. Russell

Papers

Recent developments in hybrid photonic crystal fiber

Experimental Observation of Polarization Modulation Instability in a Photonic Crystal Fiber

Ultrafast nonlinear optics in conventional and photonic crystal fibers

Strong optomechanical nonlinearity in dual-web fibre

Polarization: Polarization-DependentHarmonic Generation inPhotonic Crystal Fibers