Scholars in various disciplines have considered the causes, nature, and effects of trust. Prior approaches to studying trust are considered, including characteristics of the trustor, the trustee, and the role of risk. A definition of trust and a model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs. Several research propositions based on the model are presented.

/pdf/an-integrative-model-of-organizational-trust-2xzw1trbi7.pdf

An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust

Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.

/pdf/endogenous-technological-change-4yzdlw043b.pdf

Endogenous Technological Change

Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported, and instead, the equilibriumis one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w3210.pdf?abstractid=226703&mirid=1

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmental change, argue Johan Rockstrom and colleagues.

/pdf/a-safe-operating-space-for-humanity-tynyc6i2kf.pdf

A safe operating space for humanity

■ Human well-being has several key components: the basic material needs for a good life, freedom and choice, health, good social relations, and personal security. Well-being exists on a continuum with poverty, which has been defined as"pronounced deprivation in well-being." ■ How well-being and ill-being, or poverty, are expressed and experienced is context- and situation-dependent, reflecting local social and personal factors such as geography, ecology, age, gender,and culture.These concepts are complex and value-laden. ■ Ecosystems are essential for human well-being through their provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Evidence in recent decades of escalating human impacts. on ecological systems worldwide raises concerns about the consequences of ecosystem changes for human well-being. ■ Human well-being can be enhanced through sustainable human interaction with ecosystems with the support of appropriate instruments, institutions, organizations, and technology. creation of these through participation and transparency may contribute to people's freedoms and choices and to increased economic, social,and ecological security. ■ Some believe that the problems from the depletion and degradation of ecological capital can be largely overcome by the substitution of physical and human capital. Others believe that there are more significant limits to such substitutions.The scope for substitutions varies by socioeconomic status. ■ We identify direct and indirect pathways between ecosystem change and human well-being,whether it be positive or negative.lndirect effects are characterized by more complex webs of causation, involving social, economic, and political threads. Threshold points exist beyond which rapid changes to human well-being can occur. ■ Indigent poorly resourced, and otherwise disadvantaged communities are generally the most vulnerable to adverse ecosystem change. Spirals, both positive and negative, can occur for any population, but the poor are more vulnerable.       ■ Functioning institutions are vital to enable equitable access to ecosystem services. lnstitutions sometimes fail or remain undeveloped because of powerful individuals or groups. Bodies that mediate the distribution of goods and services may also be appropriated for the benefit of powerful minorities. ■ For poor people, the greatest gains in well-being will occur through more equitable and secure access to ecosystem services. In the long run, the rich can contribute greatly to human well-being by reducing their substantial impacts on ecosystems and by facilitating greater access to ecosystem services by the poor. ■ We argue ecological security warrants recognition as a sixth freedom of equal weight with participative freedom, economic   facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security.

Ecosystems and Human well-being

1. A preview 2. Resource allocation in a timeless world 3. Externalities 4. Intertemporal equilibrium 5. Renewable resources: some ecological and environmental models 6. Exhaustible resources: an introduction 7. Production with exhaustible resources 8. Resource depletion and capital accumulation in a competitive economy accumulation in a competitive economy 9. Measureability, comparability and the aggregation of intergenerational welfares 10. The optimal depletion of exhaustible 11. Imperfect competition and exhaustible resources 12. Taxation of exhaustible resources 13. Uncertainty, information and the allocation of risk 14. Uncertainty and the allocation of resources 15. price movements in resource markets 16. Conclusions Bibliography Index.

Economic theory and exhaustible resources

Trust is central to all transactions and yet economists rarely discuss the notion. It is treated rather as background environment, present whenever called upon, a sort of ever-ready lubricant that permits voluntary participation in production and exchange. In the standard model of a market economy it is taken for granted that consumers meet their budget constraints: they are not allowed to spend more than their wealth. Moreover, they always deliver the goods and services they said they would. But the model is silent on the rectitude of such agents. We are not told if they are persons of honour, conditioned by their upbringing always to meet the obligations they have chosen to undertake, or if there is a background agency which enforces contracts, credibly threatening to mete out punishment if obligations are not fulfilled a punishment sufficiently stiff to deter consumers from ever failing to fulfil them. The same assumptions are made for producers. To be sure, the standard model can be extended to allow for bankruptcy in the face of an uncertain future. One must suppose that there is a special additional loss to becoming bankrupt a loss of honour when honour matters, social and economic ostracism, a term in a debtors’ prison, and so forth. Otherwise, a person may take silly risks or, to make a more subtle point, take insufficient care in managing his affairs, but claim that he ran into genuine bad luck, that it was Mother Nature’s fault and not his own lack of ability or zeal.

Trust as a commodity

National and international economic policy has usually ignored the environment. In areas where the environment is beginning to impinge on policy, as in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it remains a tangential concern, and the presumption is often made that economic growth and economic liberalization (including the liberalization of international trade) are, in some sense, good for the environment. This notion has meant that economy-wide policy reforms designed to promote growth and liberalization have been encouraged with little regard to their environmental consequences, presumably on the assumption that these consequences would either take care of themselves or could be dealt with separately. In this article, we discuss the relation between economic growth and environmental quality, and the link between economic activity and the carrying capacity and resilience of the environment.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/268/5210/520.full.pdf

Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment.

Part 1 Well-being - theory and realization: the commodity basis of well-being political morality and the state the object of social contracts well-being - from theory to measurement appendix - political and civil rights indices. Part 2 Allocation of resources among households - the standard theory: resource allocation mechanisms public goods and common property resources decentralization and central guidance real national income as a measure of general well-being uncertainty, insurance and social norms. Part 3 The household and its setting - extensions of the standard theory: land, labour, savings and credit households and credit constraints poverty and the environmental resource base net national product in a dynamic economy food, care and work - the household as an allocation mechanism axiomatic bargaining theory fertility and resources - the household as a reproductive unit strategic complementarities in fertility decisions population and savings - normative considerations classical utilitarianism in a limited world food needs and work capacity adaptation to nourishment inequality, malnutrition and the disenfranchised analysis of allocation mechanisms when nutrition affects productivity incentives and development policies. Subject index: agrarian reform food subsidies employment guarantee schemes and rural infrastructure community participation and credit facilities health and education envoi.

Partha Dasgupta

Papers

Ecosystems and Human well-being

Economic theory and exhaustible resources

Trust as a commodity

Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment.

An inquiry into well-being and destitution