The Social Psychology of Organizations.

\"What are your assumptions (implicit as well as explicit) about the most effective way to manage people?\" So began Douglas McGregor in this 1960 management classic. It was a seemingly simple question he asked, yet it led to a fundamental revolution in management. Today, with the rise of the global economy, the information revolution, and the growth of knowledge-driven work, McGregor's simple but provocative question continues to resonate-perhaps more powerfully than ever before. Heralded as one of the most important pieces of management literature ever written, a touchstone for scholars and a handbook for practitioners, The Human Side of Enterprise continues to receive the highest accolades nearly half a century after its initial publication. Influencing such major management gurus such as Peter Drucker and Warren Bennis, McGregor's revolutionary Theory Y-which contends that individuals are self-motivated and self-directed-and Theory X-in which employees must be commanded and controlled-has been widely taught in business schools, industrial relations schools, psychology departments, and professional development seminars for over four decades. In this special annotated edition of the worldwide management classic, Joel Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Senior Research Scientist in MIT's Sloan School of Management and Engineering Systems Division, shows us how today's leaders have successfully incorporated McGregor's methods into modern management styles and practices. The added quotes and commentary bring the content right into today's debates and business models. Now more than ever, the timeless wisdom of Douglas McGregor can light the path towards a management style that nurtures leadership capability, creates effective teams, ensures internal alignment, achieves high performance, and cultivates an authentic, value-driven workplace--lessons we all need to learn as we make our way in this brave new world of the 21st century.

The Human Side of Enterprise.

New Patterns of Management.

In 3 prior meta-analyses, the relationship between the Big Five factors of personality and job criteria was investigated. However, these meta-analyses showed different findings. Furthermore, these reviews included studies carried out only in the United States and Canada. This study reports meta-analytic research on the same topic but with studies conducted in the European Community, which were not included in the prior reviews. The results indicate that Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability are valid predictors across job criteria and occupational groups. The remaining factors are valid only for some criteria and for some occupational groups. Extraversion was a predictor for 2 occupations, and Openness and Agreeableness were valid predictors of training proficiency. These findings are consistent with M.R. Barrick and M.K. Mount (1991) and L.M. Hough, N.K. Eaton, M.D. Dunnette, J.D. Kamp, and R.A. McCloy (1990). Implications of the results for future research and the practice of personnel selection are suggested.

The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community.

Part One: Initial Considerations Chapter 1: Motivation in Organizations Mitchell, Terence R., and Daniels, Denise. Observation and Commentary on Recent Research in Work Motivation. Chapter 2: Conceptual Approaches to Motivation at Work Ryan, Richard M., and Deci, Edward L. 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1): 68-78. Mowday, Richard, and Colwell, Kenneth A. Employee reactions to unfair outcomes in the workplace: The contributions of Adams' equity theory to understanding work motivation. Cropanzano, Russell, and Rupp, Deborah. An overview of organizational justice: Implications for work motivation. Komaki, Judith. Reinforcement theory at work: Enhancing and explaining what employees do. Locke, Edwin A. 1996. Motivation through conscious goal setting. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5: 117-124. Stajkovic, Alexander D., and Luthans, Fred. Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Implications for motivation theory and practice. Part Two: Central Issues in Motivation at Work Chapter 3: The Role of Cognitions, Beliefs, and Attitudes in Motivation Staw, Barry M. 1986. Organizational psychology and the pursuit of the happy/productive worker. California Management Review, 28(4): 40-53. Rousseau, Denise M., and Tijoriwala, Snehal A. 1999. What's a good reason to change? Motivated reasoning and social accounts in promoting organizational change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(4): 514-528. Luthans, Fred. Positive Organizational Behavior: Implications for Leadership and HR Development and Motivation. Chapter 4: The Role of Goals and Intentions in Motivation Klein, Howard J., Wesson, Michael J., Hollenbeck, John R., and Alge, Bradley J. 1999. Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: Conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6: 885-896. O'Leary-Kelly, Anne M., Martocchio, Joseph J., and Frink, Dwight D. 1994. A review of the influence of group goals on group performance. Academy of Management Journal, 37(5): 1285-1301. Crown, Deborah F., and Rosse, Joseph G. 1995. Yours, mine, and ours: Facilitating group productivity through the integration of individual and group goals. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64(2): 138-150. Chapter 5: The Role of Affect in Motivation Raghunathan, Rajagopal, and Pham, Michel T. 1999. All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1): 56-77. Venkatesh, Viswanath, and Speier, Cheri. 1999. Computer technology training in the workplace: A longitudinal investigation of the effect of mood. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79(1): 1-28. Chapter 6: The Role of Social Influences in Motivation Porter, Lyman W., Lawler, Edward E. III, and Hackman, J. Richard. 1975. Ways groups influence individual effectiveness. (Holdover from previous edition) Vardi, Yoav and Wiener, Yoash. 1996. Misbehavior in organizations: A motivational framework. Organization Science, 7(2): 151-165. Whyte, Glen. 1998. Recasting Janis's groupthink model: The key role of collective efficacy in decision fiascoes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2/3): 185-209. Chapter 7: The Role of Cross-Cultural Influences in Work Motivation Hofstede, G. 1993. Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1): 81-94. Sanchez-Runde, Carlos J., and Steers, Richard M. Cultural influences on work motivation and performance. Frese, Michael, Kring, Wolfgang, Soos, Andrea, Zempel, Jeannette. 1996. Personal initiative at work: Differences between east and west Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1): 37-63. Meek, Christopher B. 1999. Ganbatte: Understanding the Japanese employee. Business Horizons, January-February, 27-36. Chapter 8: The Role of Individual Differences in Motivation O'Reilly, Charles A. III and Chatman, Jennifer A. 1994. Working smarter and harder: A longitudinal study of managerial success. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 603-627. Pilegge, Anthony J. and Holtz, Rolf. 1997. The effects of social identity on the self-set goals and task performance of high and low self-esteem individuals. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(1): 17-26. Part Three: Applications of Motivational Approaches Chapter 9: Rewards Lawler, Edward L. 1987. The design of effective reward systems. In J. W. Lorsch (ed.), Handbook of Organizational Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp, 25-271. Kerr, Steven. 1995. On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping for B. Academy of Management Executive, 9(1): 7-14. Pearce, Jone L. 1987. Why merit pay doesn't work: Implications from organizational theory. In D. B. Balkin and L. R. Gomez-Mejia (eds.), New Perspectives on Compensation, pp. 169-178. Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1998. Six dangerous myths about pay. Harvard Business Review, May-June, 109-119. Duncan, W. Jack. 2001. Stock ownership and work motivation. Organizational Dynamics, 30(1): 1-11. Chapter 10: Punishment George, Jennifer M. 1995. Asymmetrical effects of rewards and punishments: the case of social loafing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68: 327-338. Butterfield, Kenneth D., Trevino, Linda K., and Ball, Gail A. 1996. Punishment from the manager's perspective: A grounded investigation and inductive model. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6): 1479-1512. Chapter 11: Motivating Creativity aand Innovation Amabile, Teresa. 1997. Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1): 39-58. Cummings, Anne and Oldham, Greg R. 1997. Enhancing creativity: Managing work contexts for the high potential employee. California Management Review, 40(1): 22-38.

Motivatiom and work behaviour

The proportion of the workforce on temporary contracts of employment is increasing, as organisations use non‐permanent staff as a flexible resource. Rousseau and Wade‐Benzoni suggested such temporary staff have a different psychological contract with the organisation than their permanent counterparts. Temporary staff, it is argued, will have a transactional contract, with the emphasis upon the economic elements of the contract while permanent staff will have a more relational contract, involving commitment to the organisation, and an interest in a satisfying job. These differences, it is argued, will influence staff attitudes and behaviour. The article tests these suggestions on employees of a large holiday sector organisation. The results present a consistent picture, at variance with the above suggestions. The levels of relational and transactional contracts of permanent and temporary staff did not differ significantly. In addition they had higher, rather than lower, levels of job satisfaction and commitment to the organisation.

The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff

While the general trend in the UK is towards an increase in female owned small businesses, during the last few years the number of North West of England businesses owned by women has fallen by 12.5 per cent. Aims to investigate the barriers preventing women from entering into growth businesses in the North West. The research included discussions with 12 service providers as well as in‐depth interviews and focus groups with 99 potential and established female business owners. The main barriers blocking women’s ownership of small businesses involved the widely held stereotype of business owners as “white, middle class, males”, cultural differences, a shortage of premises for new businesses and the lack of appropriate childcare.

Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female owned small businesses in North West England

The results of a survey of the techniques used for managerial selection from 108 organizations in Great Britain are presented. The results reveal that, whilst the usage by large organizations of assessment centre type exercises and biodata is increasing, most organizations still select managers on the basis of interviews and references.



It is argued that psychological research and theory should have a bigger impact on selection practice. The limitations of current research and theory are discussed under the headings of criterion measures, validity and utility, and predictors.

Management selection in Britain: A survey and critique

Introduction: 1. Personality and Individual Differences 2. Motivation 3. Leadership and Management Style 4. Group Dynamics at Work 5. Intergroup Conflict 6. Identifying Organizational Problems 7. Organizational Change 8. Managing your Boss: Appendix 1-6: References: Suggested Reading: Index.

Managing People at Work

The success or failure of a new business is often dependent on overcoming a series of potential barriers, eg securing sufficient financial backing, adequate and appropriate guidance and training etc. Yet, in light of the substantial growth rate of micro and small businesses, there has been little research into the experiences of potential and new business owners during the start‐up of such enterprises. To date there has been no systematic study of this group in the UK, and many questions remain unanswered. This study of micro and small business during the initialisation and formation of new venture creation (eg pre‐start‐up, 0‐6 months and 6‐12 months∥ sought to answer some of those questions. It identifies the needs of new business owners, the barriers they encounter, and the strategies they use to overcome those obstacles. The findings indicate that financial difficulties and the attitudes of banks towards new business owners are the main barriers to successful enterprise creation, with mentors and more specific advice cited as the assistance regarded as affording the greatest benefit to potential and new business owners. In addition, small and micro business owners are going out of business, or are unable to fulfil their potential, because they are denied access to those factors that promote success.

Peter Makin

Papers

The psychological contract, organisational commitment and job satisfaction of temporary staff

Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female owned small businesses in North West England

Management selection in Britain: A survey and critique

Managing People at Work

Barriers encountered during micro and small business start‐up in North‐West England