The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

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Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

A scheme is developed for classifying the types of motion perceived by a humanlike robot. It is assumed that the robot receives visual images of the scene using a perspective system model. Equations, theorems, concepts, clues, etc., relating the objects, their positions, and their motion to their images on the focal plane are presented. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/815/3148/00100651.pdf

Robot vision

Initial-value ordinary differential equation solution via variable order Adams method (SIVA/DIVA) package is collection of subroutines for solution of nonstiff ordinary differential equations. There are versions for single-precision and double-precision arithmetic. Requires fewer evaluations of derivatives than other variable-order Adams predictor/ corrector methods. Option for direct integration of second-order equations makes integration of trajectory problems significantly more efficient. Written in FORTRAN 77.

Solving Ordinary Differential Equations

This book, written by two major figures in adaptive control, provides a wealth of material for researchers, practitioners, and students. While some researchers in adaptive control may note the absence of a particular topic, the book‘s scope represents a high-gain instrument. It can be used by designers of control systems to enhance their work through the information on many new theoretical developments, and can be used by mathematical control theory specialists to adapt their research to practical needs. The book is strongly recommended to anyone interested in adaptive control.

Adaptive Control

Iterative solutions of the generalized Sylvester matrix equations by using the hierarchical identification principle

Low-bandwidth communication channels are used to support the information exchange between a microgrid centralized controller and local controllers in the secondary frequency control of an islanded microgrid. However, the impact of the inherent time delay in these communication channels on the microgrid performance has not been taken into account when the secondary frequency controller is designed. This paper investigates the effect of the communication delays on the secondary frequency control of an islanded microgrid with multiple distributed generators. A small-signal model-based method is introduced for the microgrid to find delay margins below which the microgrid can remain stable. By performing a series of trial studies, the relationships between secondary frequency control gains and delay margins are obtained. A gain scheduling approach is also proposed to compensate the effect of the communication delay on the secondary frequency control. Results from the Canadian urban distribution system have verified that communication delays can adversely affect the microgrid secondary frequency control, and the proposed gain scheduling approach can improve the robustness of the microgrid secondary frequency controller to communication delays.

Impact of Communication Delays on Secondary Frequency Control in an Islanded Microgrid

This paper addresses the trajectory tracking control problem of a class of nonstrict-feedback nonlinear systems with the actuator faults. The functional relationship in the affine form between the nonlinear functions with whole state and error variables is established by using the structure consistency of intermediate control signals and the variable-partition technique. The fuzzy control and adaptive backstepping schemes are applied to construct an improved fault-tolerant controller without requiring the specific knowledge of control gains and actuator faults, including both stuck constant value and loss of effectiveness. The proposed fault-tolerant controller ensures that all signals in the closed-loop system are semiglobally practically finite-time stable and the tracking error remains in a small neighborhood of the origin after a finite period of time. The developed control method is verified through two numerical examples.

Adaptive Fuzzy Finite-Time Control of Nonlinear Systems With Actuator Faults

A multiinnovation least-squares (MILS) identification algorithm is presented for linear regression models with unknown parameter vectors by expanding the innovation length in the traditional recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm from the viewpoint of innovation modification. Because the proposed MILS algorithm uses p innovations (not only the current innovation but also past innovations) at each iteration (with the integer p > 1 being an innovation length), the accuracy of parameter estimation is improved, compared with that of the RLS algorithm. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the proposed MILS algorithm is consistently convergent. Moreover, a new interval-varying MILS algorithm is proposed, for which the key is to dynamically change the interval in order to deal with cases where some measurement data are missing. Furthermore, an auxiliary-model-based MILS algorithm is derived for pseudolinear models corresponding to output error moving average systems with colored noises. Finally, the proposed algorithms are applied to model an experimental water level control system.

Peter X. Liu

Papers

Iterative solutions of the generalized Sylvester matrix equations by using the hierarchical identification principle

Impact of Communication Delays on Secondary Frequency Control in an Islanded Microgrid

Adaptive Fuzzy Finite-Time Control of Nonlinear Systems With Actuator Faults

Multiinnovation Least-Squares Identification for System Modeling

Gradient based and least-squares based iterative identification methods for OE and OEMA systems