Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

International Joint Conference on Neural Networks

We introduce a game-theoretic setting for routing in a mobile ad hoc network that consists of greedy, selfish agents who accept payments for forwarding data for other agents if the payments cover their individual costs incurred by forwarding data. In this setting, we propose Ad hoc-VCG, a reactive routing protocol that achieves the design objectives of truthfulness (i.e., it is in the agents' best interest to reveal their true costs for forwarding data) and cost-efficiency (i.e., it guarantees that routing is done along the most cost-efficient path) in a game-theoretic sense by paying to the intermediate nodes a premium over their actual costs for forwarding data packets. We show that the total overpayment (i.e., the sum of all premiums paid) is relatively small by giving a theoretical upper bound and by providing experimental evidence. Our routing protocol implements a variation of the well-known mechanism by Vickrey, Clarke, and Groves in a mobile network setting. Finally, we analyze a very natural routing protocol that is an adaptation of the Packet Purse Model [8] with auctions in our setting and show that, unfortunately, it does not achieve cost-efficiency or truthfulness.

https://web2.utc.edu/~djy471/CNS-reading/anderegg03.pdf

Ad hoc-VCG: a truthful and cost-efficient routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks with selfish agents

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is collection of multi-hop wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The wireless links in this network are highly error prone and can go down frequently due to mobility of nodes, interference and less infrastructure. Therefore, routing in MANET is a critical task due to highly dynamic environment. In recent years, several routing protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks and prominent among them are DSR, AODV and TORA. This research paper provides an overview of these protocols by presenting their characteristics, functionality, benefits and limitations and then makes their comparative analysis so to analyze their performance. The objective is to make observations about how the performance of these protocols can be improved.

/pdf/a-survey-of-routing-protocols-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-ks82t5q9lc.pdf

A Survey of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In a wireless sensor network of N nodes transmitting data to a single base station, possibly over multiple hops, what distributed mechanisms should be implemented in order to dynamically allocate fair and efficient transmission rates to each node? Our interferenceaware fair rate control (IFRC) detects incipient congestion at a node by monitoring the average queue length, communicates congestion state to exactly the set of potential interferers using a novel low-overhead congestion sharing mechanism, and converges to a fair and efficient rate using an AIMD control law. We evaluate IFRC extensively on a 40-node wireless sensor network testbed. IFRC achieves a fair and efficient rate allocation that is within 20-40% of the optimal fair rate allocation on some network topologies. Its rate adaptation mechanism is highly effective: we did not observe a single instance of queue overflow in our many experiments. Finally, IFRC can be extended easily to support situations where only a subset of the nodes transmit, where the network has multiple base stations, or where nodes are assigned different transmission weights.

/pdf/interference-aware-fair-rate-control-in-wireless-sensor-rmkhocrog1.pdf

Interference-aware fair rate control in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, distributed power control is proposed as a means to improve the energy efficiency of routing algorithms in ad hoc networks. Each node in the network estimates the power necessary to reach its own neighbors, and this power estimate is used both for tuning the transmit power (thereby reducing interference and energy consumption) and as the link cost for minimum energy routing. With reference to classic routing algorithms, such as Dijkstra and Link State, as well as more recently proposed ad hoc routing schemes, such as AODV, we demonstrate by extensive simulations that in many cases of interest our scheme provides substantial transmit energy savings while introducing limited degradation in terms of throughput and delay.

Distributed power control for energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks

Routing protocols for ad hoc networks are currently a hot research topic and when a lot of metrics are jointly considered, some nontrivial conclusions can be drawn. In this work, we make a comparison of link state, AODV and DSR protocols for two different traffic classes, in a selected environment. The classic Dijkstra is also reported as comparison term. As performance metric, packet delivery fraction, throughput, average delay and energy are considered. We show that AODV and DSR perform well when the network load is moderate, while, if the traffic load is heavy, simple link state outperforms the reactive protocols and becomes a good candidate to be used.

Performance comparison of routing protocols for ad hoc networks

Wireless sensor networks have been attracting increasing research interest given the recent advances in microelectronics, array processing, and wireless networking. Consisting of a large collection of small, wireless, low-cost, integrated sensing, computing, and communicating nodes capable of performing various demanding collaborative space-time processing tasks, wireless sensor network technology poses various unique design challenges, particularly for real-time operation. In this paper, we review the Approximate Maximum-Likelihood (AML) method for source localization and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimations. Then, we consider the use of least-squares (LS) method applied to DOA bearing crossings to perform source localization. A novel virtual array model applicable to the AML-DOA estimation method is proposed for reverberant scenarios. Details on the wireless acoustical testbed are given. We consider the use of Compaq iPAQ 3760s, which are handheld, battery-powered device normally meant to be used as personal organizers (PDAs), as sensor nodes. The iPAQ provide a reasonable balance of cost, availability, and functionality. It has a build-in StrongARM processor, microphone, codec for acoustic acquisition and processing, and a PCMCIA bus for external IEEE 802.11b wireless cards for radio communication. The iPAQs form a distributed sensor network to perform real-time acoustical beamforming. Computational times and associated real-time processing tasks are described. Field measured results for linear, triangular, and square subarrays in free-space and reverberant scenarios are presented. These results show the effective and robust operation of the proposed algorithms and their implementations on a real-time acoustical wireless testbed.

/pdf/collaborative-sensor-networking-towards-real-time-acoustical-2flflj1ofa.pdf

Collaborative Sensor Networking Towards Real-Time Acoustical Beamforming in Free-Space and Limited Reverberence

In this paper, a distributed power control mechanism for ad hoc networks is proposed and investigated. This mechanism, acting at different layers, reduces the power consumption maintaining similar behavior, in terms of delay and throughput, as classic schemes. In the proposed strategy, the generic sender uses an appropriate power level to transmit its packets by reducing channel interference and energy consumption, and the final path is selected by minimizing the overall power spent in the end-to-end transmission. Two classic routing schemes are revisited in order to apply to them this power consumption policy, by appropriately redefining the cost functions associated to each link. The effectiveness of this proposed distributed power control, which combines two power saving strategies working at two different levels, is shown by means of extensive simulation results.

Distributed Power Control for Power-Ware Energy-Efficient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless LAN (WLAN) has been extensively deployed in commercial, scientific and home applications due to the availability of low-cost wireless Network lntcrace Cards (N!Cs) based on the IEEE802.l l standard. The purpose of this work is to study experimentally the behavior of an IEEE802. l l wireless network when the nodes arc characterized by mobility up to the speed of 240 km/h. This study leads to the understanding of the survivability and the performance of a connection under various aggressive mobility conditions. These studies may be adapted for data telemetry from mobile airborne nodes to fixed networks or between airborne nodes.

Pierpaolo Bergamo

Papers

Distributed power control for energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks

Performance comparison of routing protocols for ad hoc networks

Collaborative Sensor Networking Towards Real-Time Acoustical Beamforming in Free-Space and Limited Reverberence

Distributed Power Control for Power-Ware Energy-Efficient Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

Ieee802.11 wireless network under aggressive mobility scenarios