Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

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Statistical Methods For Environmental Pollution Monitoring

. Photogrammetry and geosciences have been closely linked since the late 19th century due to the acquisition of high-quality 3-D data sets of the environment, but it has so far been restricted to a limited range of remote sensing specialists because of the considerable cost of metric systems for the acquisition and treatment of airborne imagery. Today, a wide range of commercial and open-source software tools enable the generation of 3-D and 4-D models of complex geomorphological features by geoscientists and other non-experts users. In addition, very recent rapid developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the flexible generation of high-quality aerial surveying and ortho-photography at a relatively low cost. The increasing computing capabilities during the last decade, together with the development of high-performance digital sensors and the important software innovations developed by computer-based vision and visual perception research fields, have extended the rigorous processing of stereoscopic image data to a 3-D point cloud generation from a series of non-calibrated images. Structure-from-motion (SfM) workflows are based upon algorithms for efficient and automatic orientation of large image sets without further data acquisition information, examples including robust feature detectors like the scale-invariant feature transform for 2-D imagery. Nevertheless, the importance of carrying out well-established fieldwork strategies, using proper camera settings, ground control points and ground truth for understanding the different sources of errors, still needs to be adapted in the common scientific practice. This review intends not only to summarise the current state of the art on using SfM workflows in geomorphometry but also to give an overview of terms and fields of application. Furthermore, this article aims to quantify already achieved accuracies and used scales, using different strategies in order to evaluate possible stagnations of current developments and to identify key future challenges. It is our belief that some lessons learned from former articles, scientific reports and book chapters concerning the identification of common errors or "bad practices" and some other valuable information may help in guiding the future use of SfM photogrammetry in geosciences.

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Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry - merits, limits and developments

Gullies naturally exhibit complex morphologies and hence are difficult to measure. Photogrammetric methods are promising tools to overcome such problems due to 3D reconstruction from overlapping images without disturbing the surface. Airborne (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV) and terrestrial image acquisition platforms are possible data sources for comprehensive digital gully modelling. In this study, an approach for the synergetic utilisation of UAV and terrestrial images for high resolution 3D model generation is introduced. While proper UAV mission planning is necessary, terrestrial images can be acquired spontaneously and flexibly depending on the encountered terrain conditions to supplement UAV data. Without confining accuracy demands, terrestrial images are processed solely with additional information from already existent 3D models and orthophotos from UAV image processing. During this field campaign UAVs are suitable for flexible and frequent gully monitoring. However, with the case specific flight configuration, 3D modelling is restricted at steep gully walls – above slope gradients of 50–60° – as well as overhanging gully walls, due to the limiting birds-eye view. Additional terrestrial images are used to overcome these limitations and fill up data gaps. In this study the final merged digital gully model reveals a resolution about 0.5 cm and an accuracy of 1 cm. A gully headcut in Andalusia (Spain) is analysed to confirm the suitability of the synergetic data utilisation. A study period of three months during winter season is investigated to measure multi-temporal 3D volume changes. The positive volume balance amounts to 5 m 3 for a gully area of 170 m 2 and is caused mainly by anthropogenic interactions. Concluding, the combination of UAV and terrestrial data allow for comprehensive gully models with high spatial resolution at frequent intervals.

Measuring gullies by synergetic application of UAV and close range photogrammetry - A case study from Andalusia, Spain

This article describes the conception and implementation of a web platform which uses special charts and maps for climate monitoring and analysis. At first it gives an overview of related web appli...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17538947.2020.1829112

ClimateCharts.net – an interactive climate analysis web platform

In this study, data from the EO-1 Hyperion instrument were used. Apart from atmospheric influences or topographic
effects, the data represent a good choice in order to show different steps of the preprocessing process targeting sensorinternal
sources of errors. These include the diffuse sensor noise, the striping effect, the smile effect, the keystone effect
and the spatial misalignments between the detector arrays. For this research paper, the authors focus on the striping effect
by comparing and evaluating different algorithms, methods and configurations to correct striping errors. The correction
of striping effects becomes necessary due to the imprecise calibration of the detector array. This inaccuracy affects
especially the first 12 visual and near infrared bands (VNIR) and also a large number of the bands in the short wave
infrared array (SWIR). Altogether six destriping techniques were tested on the basis of a Hyperion dataset covering a test
site in Central Europe. For the final evaluation, various analyses across all Hyperion channels were performed. The
results show that some correction methods have almost no effect on the striping in the images. Other methods may
eliminate the striping, but analyses show that these algorithms also alter pixel values in adjacent areas which originally
had not been disturbed by the striping effect.

/pdf/preprocessing-of-hyperspectral-images-a-comparative-study-of-3dxx9wlqf3.pdf

Preprocessing of hyperspectral images: a comparative study of destriping algorithms for EO1-hyperion

This paper focuses on the design and development of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)-compliant online system for air quality information retrieval, including support for real-time monitoring. This system assesses exposure to ambient air to mitigate potential health risks, which is crucial for susceptible individuals, health practitioners and decision makers. Particular attention is paid to the development of an interoperable, applicable and transferrable approach to the application of robust and flexible air quality modeling as required for early warning systems on the Web. Moreover, the design provides different access levels to system components for both non-expert and scientific users and supports extension with external standard compliant services. The developed Web-client Time2Maps enables the user to view, analyze and download requested air quality information and serves as a portal to the designed online system.

Design and prototype of an interoperable online air quality information system

. The paper deals with using a TIR camera on an UAV for acquiring multitemporal thermal images of a building block against the background of detecting, monitoring and analysing urban heat islands. It is motivated by a research project called EO2HEAVEN (Earth Observation and Environmental Modelling for the Mitigation of Health Risks) which analyses the influence of environmental effects to human health. Therefore, the aim is the generation of thermal orthophotos from UAV data which can be used for further thematic analysis. The paper describes the data acquisition on the one hand and the processing of the obtained data on the other hand. The data acquisition comprises three image flights at different times of day from which only the first two missions could be processed until now. The low image contrasts, the radiometric differences between images as well as the poor initial positioning and orientation values limit the suitability of available software for automatic tie point measurement so that this step was outsourced and implemented in C++. The following aerial triangulation and orthophoto generation was realised in TerraPhoto (Terrasolid). However, two orthophotos could be generated with a geometric resolution of 15 cm. Furthermore, the radiation temperatures from the thermal images were compared to ground measurements to check the correctness of the camera measurements.

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Pierre Karrasch

Papers

Measuring gullies by synergetic application of UAV and close range photogrammetry - A case study from Andalusia, Spain

ClimateCharts.net – an interactive climate analysis web platform

Preprocessing of hyperspectral images: a comparative study of destriping algorithms for EO1-hyperion

Design and prototype of an interoperable online air quality information system

Generation of multitemporal thermal orthophotos from uav data