Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions

Preface 1.General Considerations 2.Basic Processes in Atomization 3.Drop Size Distributions of Sprays 4.Atomizers 5.Flow in Atomizers 6.Atomizer Performance 7.External Spray Charcteristics 8.Drop Evaporation 9.Drop Sizing Methods Index

Atomization and Sprays

As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far. In this work, reports about biodiesel engine performances and emissions, published by highly rated journals in scientific indexes, were cited preferentially since 2000 year. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power, economy, durability and emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions, and the corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail. The use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engines with no or fewer modification. And it favors to reduce carbon deposit and wear of the key engine parts. Therefore, the blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy. However, many further researches about optimization and modification on engine, low temperature performances of engine, new instrumentation and methodology for measurements, etc., should be performed when petroleum diesel is substituted completely by biodiesel.

http://www.abe-research.illinois.edu/pubs/T_Grift/EffectOfBiodieselOnEnginePerformancesAndEmissions.pdf

Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions

Global energy demand is increasing due to the population growth and industrialization. In order to fulfill the energy demand with considering global concern, it is necessary to find out alternative fuel sources. Biodiesel is one of the best choices because of its immense potential to be part of energy mix in the near future as well as the capability of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to provide information to the engineers, industrialists and researchers who are interested on biodiesel. The paper presents a comprehensive review on the impact of potential biodiesel feedstocks (edible and non-edible) on engine performance and exhaust emissions including details of engine and operating condition. A large number of literatures from highly rated journals in scientific indexes are reviewed including the most recent publications. Most of the authors showed that using biodiesel from various feedstocks in diesel engines slightly lowered brake power and brake thermal efficiency but increases BSFC than diesel fuel. It was also reported that biodiesel significantly reduced the PM, HC, CO and CO 2 emissions but gives slightly higher NOx emissions. It was shown that NOx can be reduced by some approaches such as blending with additives and EGR technique. The study concluded that biodiesel can be used in compression ignition engine with no or minor engine modification. Finally biodiesel can be used as a substitute of diesel fuel to fulfill the energy demand, reduce dependency on fossil fuel as well as the exhaust emissions of the engine.

A study on the effects of promising edible and non-edible biodiesel feedstocks on engine performance and emissions production: A comparative evaluation

The global energy consumption is expected to grow in a faster rate than the population growth. By 2030, an increase of 53% of global energy consumption and 39% of greenhouse gases emissions from fossil fuels is anticipated. Therefore, it becomes a global agenda to develop clean alternative fuels which are domestically available, environmentally acceptable and technically feasible. As an alternative fuel, biodiesel seems as one of the best choices among other sources due to its environment friendly behavior and similar functional properties with diesel. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the impact biodiesel from different edible, non-edible and waste cooking oils feedstocks on combustion characteristics, engine durability and materials compatibility with biodiesel. Moreover, this paper reviews some other important related aspects to biodiesel such as biodiesel development, biodiesel feedstocks, biodiesel standards and advantages and challenges of biodiesel.

Effect of biodiesel from various feedstocks on combustion characteristics, engine durability and materials compatibility: A review

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/6104.pdf

Macroscopic diesel fuel spray shadowgraphy using high speed digital imaging in a high pressure cell

http://www.mlf.science.ru.nl/publ/2007/Verbiezen_CombFlames151_333.pdf

Diesel combustion: In-cylinder NO concentrations in relation to injection timing

http://www.mlf.science.ru.nl/publ/2010/Donkerbroek_ConbFlame157_155.pdf

Time- and space-resolved quantitative LIF measurements of formaldehyde in a heavy-duty diesel engine

For diesel engines, changing the fuel composition is an alternative route towards achieving lower emission levels. The potential of oxygenated fuels to significantly reduce particulate matter emissions has already been demonstrated earlier. In this study, this research has been extrapolated towards lower emission levels. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was applied to a modern EURO-3-type HD diesel engine. Tests were done at different engine working points, with EGR-levels and start of fuel delivery timings set to give NOx emissions between 3.5 and 2.0g/kWh with regular diesel fuel. Fourteen blends of a low-sulphur diesel fuel respectively of a gas-to-liquid synthetic diesel fuel with different oxygenates were tested. The corresponding fuel matrix covers a range of fuel oxygen mass fractions up to 15%. Results are presented and the impact of fuel oxygen mass fraction and Cetane Number are analysed and compared with results from previous research.

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/7061.pdf

Oxygenated fuels for clean heavy-duty diesel engines

Formation of nonevaporating sprays from diesel fuel injection through a realistic heavy duty multihole common rail injector is studied in a newly developed high-pressure, high-temperature cell, using digital highspeed shadowgraphy at 4500 frames/s. Gas pressure was varied from 13 to 37 bar (corresponding to densities of 15-42 kg/m3, using N2 at room temperature) and rail pressure from 750 to 1500 bar. The nozzle is carefully characterized and all injection data are analyzed by the method as described in previous work (Klein-Douwel, R. J. H.; et al. Fuel, 2007, 86, 1994-2007). Time evolution of the spray angle and penetration and possible dependences of these two variables on gas density and rail pressure are studied. It is found that after an exponential decay the spray angle reaches equilibrium values between 25° and 31°, which slightly depend on gas density. For spray penetration the dependences on gas density (power of -0.38 ± 0.01) and rail pressure (power of 0.4-0.6) are more pronounced. By using a reference length and time with which penetration data is scaled, it is shown that all data, independent of injection conditions, collapses very well onto a single line which increases as time to the power 0.56 ± 0.01.

http://www.mate.tue.nl/mate/pdfs/9509.pdf

Pjm Peter Frijters

Papers

Macroscopic diesel fuel spray shadowgraphy using high speed digital imaging in a high pressure cell

Diesel combustion: In-cylinder NO concentrations in relation to injection timing

Time- and space-resolved quantitative LIF measurements of formaldehyde in a heavy-duty diesel engine

Oxygenated fuels for clean heavy-duty diesel engines

Gas density and rail pressure effects on diesel spray growth from a heavy-duty common rail injector