Intermolecular And Surface Forces

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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

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Introduction To Electrodynamics

The sol-gel process

Freeze casting, also known as ice templating, is a particularly versatile technique that has been applied extensively for the fabrication of well-controlled biomimetic porous materials based on ceramics, metals, polymers, biomacromolecules, and carbon nanomaterials, endowing them with novel properties and broadening their applicability. The principles of different directional freeze-casting processes are described and the relationships between processing and structure are examined. Recent progress in freeze-casting assisted assembly of low dimensional building blocks, including graphene and carbon nanotubes, into tailored micro- and macrostructures is then summarized. Emerging trends relating to novel materials as building blocks and novel freeze-cast geometries-beads, fibers, films, complex macrostructures, and nacre-mimetic composites-are presented. Thereafter, the means by which aligned porous structures and nacre mimetic materials obtainable through recently developed freeze-casting techniques and low-dimensional building blocks can facilitate material functionality across multiple fields of application, including energy storage and conversion, environmental remediation, thermal management, and smart materials, are discussed.

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Freeze Casting: From Low-Dimensional Building Blocks to Aligned Porous Structures-A Review of Novel Materials, Methods, and Applications.

The use of weak magnetic fields to control the microstructural evolution of colloidal-based systems in conjunction with directional solidification is demonstrated as a convenient processing route to fabricate anisotropic ceramic scaffolds with complex microarchitectures. A variety of graded and aligned microstructures were formed by applying external static magnetic fields oriented radially, axially, and transversely with respect to the solidification direction of freezing slurries containing micro/nanoparticles of ZrO2 and Fe3O4. The graded structures, formed by the radial and axial fields, resemble core–shell architectures composed of dense outer perimeters surrounding porous inner cores. The aligned structures, formed by transverse fields, exhibit two modes of microstructural alignment: lamellar walls aligned by the growing ice crystals and mineral bridges aligned by the magnetic fields. The alignment of mineral bridges that connect adjacent lamellae, provide these scaffolds enhanced strength and stiffness when compressed parallel to their orientation (parallel to the direction of the magnetic field).

Microstructural Control of Colloidal-Based Ceramics by Directional Solidification Under Weak Magnetic Fields

Freeze casting under external fields (magnetic, electric, or acoustic) produces porous materials having local, regional, and global microstructural order in specific directions. In freeze casting, porosity is typically formed by the directional solidification of a liquid colloidal suspension. Adding external fields to the process allows for structured nucleation of ice and manipulation of particles during solidification. External control over the distribution of particles is governed by a competition of forces between constitutional supercooling and electromagnetism or acoustic radiation. Here, we review studies that apply external fields to create porous ceramics with different microstructural patterns, gradients, and anisotropic alignments. The resulting materials possess distinct gradient, core–shell, ring, helical, or long-range alignment and enhanced anisotropic mechanical properties.

External Field Assisted Freeze Casting

Comparing the functional performance of biological systems often requires comparing multiple mechanical properties. Such analyses, however, are commonly presented using orthogonal plots that compare N ≤ 3 properties. Here, we develop a multidimensional visualization strategy using permutated radar charts (radial, multi-axis plots) to compare the relative performance distributions of mechanical systems on a single graphic across N ≥ 3 properties. Leveraging the fact that radar charts plot data in the form of closed polygonal profiles, we use shape descriptors for quantitative comparisons. We identify mechanical property-function correlations distinctive to rigid, flexible, and damage-tolerant biological materials in the form of structural ties, beams, shells, and foams. We also show that the microstructures of dentin, bone, tendon, skin, and cartilage dictate their tensile performance, exhibiting a trade-off between stiffness and extensibility. Lastly, we compare the feeding versus singing performance of Darwin’s finches to demonstrate the potential of radar charts for multidimensional comparisons beyond mechanics of materials.

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Multidimensional mechanics: Performance mapping of natural biological systems using permutated radar charts.

External magnetic fields were applied during the process of directional solidification to control the microstructural patterning of ceramic scaffolds formed by freezing colloidal mixtures of magnetic and paramagnetic particles. Under low magnetic fields ( 70 mT) led to the formation of biphasic patterns of iron-rich and iron-poor regions. Under shallow gradients of near-uniform fields, viscous forces dominate, causing the Fe3O4 particles to remain evenly distributed throughout the slurry. In contrast, larger field gradients exert forces on the Fe3O4 particles, attracting them toward the magnetic poles. Competition between the viscous and magnetic forces dictates the formation of uniform or biphasic patterning in magnetically aligned freeze cast scaffolds.

Microstructural evolution of paramagnetic materials by magnetic freeze casting

.................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................... 1 POROUS MATERIALS ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS ................................................................................. 8 2.1 INTERNAL ENERGY ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 ENTHALPY ............................................................................................................... 8 2. 3 ENTROPY ............................................................................................................. 15 2.4 EQUILIBRIUM ......................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................. 24 FREEZE CASTING ....................................................................................................... 24 3.1 CONSTITUTIONAL SUPERCOOLING ........................................................................... 26 3.2 PREMELTING ......................................................................................................... 29 3.3 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AT THE INTERFACE .................................................... 32 3.3.1 Freezing point depression due to external fields ............................................ 33 3.3 DOMINANT FORCES ................................................................................................ 34 3.3.1 Repulsive Force ............................................................................................ 35 3.3.2 Resistive forces ............................................................................................. 37 3.5 PROCESSING CONDITIONS ...................................................................................... 38 3.5.1 Freezing properties ....................................................................................... 38 3.5.2 Colloidal properties ........................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................. 42 EXPERIMENTAL WORKS IN FREEZE CASTING ........................................................ 42 4.1 SEGREGATED ICE LENSES VERSUS LAMELLAR MORPHOLOGY .................................... 46 4.2 SOLUTE VERSUS PARTICLE CONSTITUTIONAL SUPERCOOLING ................................... 47 4.3 INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY MODES ............................................................................ 52 4.3.1 The origin of interface instability .................................................................... 54 4.4 MICROSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.......................... 57 4.5 PROCESSING CONDITIONS ...................................................................................... 58

Pooya Niksiar

Papers

Microstructural Control of Colloidal-Based Ceramics by Directional Solidification Under Weak Magnetic Fields

External Field Assisted Freeze Casting

Multidimensional mechanics: Performance mapping of natural biological systems using permutated radar charts.

Microstructural evolution of paramagnetic materials by magnetic freeze casting

Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Micro-Architectured 3D Scaffolds