Pathologic Basis of Diseaseby Stanley L. Robbins is really the fourth edition of hisPathology. Appropriate updating and addition enhance the otherwise identical format, sequence, writing, and illustrations. So many medical students have benefited from this source that it may be the best known general book in the field. I recommend it even more now. Like his former texts, this will be enjoyed for its readability. He clearly lays out a great deal of information. When he includes minutiae, the reasons are clear and one feels that all the material is pertinent. Robbins keeps the whole field in perspective—that is, he does not dwell so long or so heavily on pathologic anatomy or pathogenesis as to tempt the reader to overlook clinical presentation or prognosis. A great strength of the subject of pathology is that it bonds strongly with many other medical sciences and specialties and thus occupies the

Pathologic Basis of Disease

Natural killer cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, and therefore possess promising clinical utilization. NK cells do not express polymorphic clonotypic receptors and utilize inhibitory receptors (KIR and Ly49) to develop, mature, and recognize ‘self’ from ‘non-self’. The essential roles of common gamma cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in the commitment and development of NK cells are well-established. However, the critical functions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IL-27, and IL-35 in the transcriptional-priming of NK cells are only starting to emerge. Recent studies have highlighted multiple shared characteristics between NK cells the adaptive immune lymphocytes. NK cells utilize unique signaling pathways that offer exclusive ways to genetically manipulate to improve their effector functions. Here, we summarize the recent advances made in the understanding of how NK cells develop, mature, and their potential translational use in the clinic.

/pdf/natural-killer-cells-development-maturation-and-clinical-3ufa28k7mb.pdf

Natural Killer Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Utilization

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/30/7/686.1.full.pdf

Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry

The Histology of the Fowl

There is currently an unmet need for better biomarkers across the spectrum of renal diseases. In this paper, we revisit the role of Beta 2 microglobulin (β2M) as a biomarker in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Prior to reviewing the numerous clinical studies in the area, we describe the basic biology of β2M, focusing in particular on its role in maintaining the serum albumin levels and reclaiming the albumin in tubular fluid through the actions of the neonatal Fc receptor. Disorders of abnormal β2M function arise as a result of altered binding of β2M to its protein cofactors and the clinical manifestations are exemplified by rare human genetic conditions and mice knockouts. We highlight the utility of β2M as a predictor of renal function and clinical outcomes in recent large database studies against predictions made by recently developed whole body population kinetic models. Furthermore, we discuss recent animal data suggesting that contrary to textbook dogma urinary β2M may be marker for glomerular rather than tubular pathology. We review the existing literature about β2M as a biomarker in patients receiving renal replacement therapy, with particular emphasis on large outcomes trials. We note emerging proteomic data suggest that β2M is a promising marker of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Finally, we present data about the role of β2M as a biomarker in a number of non-renal diseases. The goal of this comprehensive review is to direct attention to the multi-faceted role of β2M as a biomarker, and its exciting biology in order to propose the next steps thar are required to bring this recently rediscovered biomarkers into the 21st century.

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Rediscovering Beta-2 Microglobulin As a Biomarker across the Spectrum of Kidney Diseases.

Elephant is the largest terrestrial creature of the nature. The elephant habitats are subjected to human pressure due to monoculture plantation, mining, encroachment, poaching and process of developmental activities utilizing forest resources (Kar and Lahiri, 2002; Talukdar and Barman, 2003). All these adverse conditions have contributed to the man-elephant conflict in many parts of Odisha and Keonjhar district in particular (Sukumar, 1989; Swain and Pattnaik, 2002). Keonjhar is covered with tropical, dry and deciduous forest with varieties of wildlife (Swain, ManElephant Conflict in Keonjhar District of Odisha : A Study

Man- Elephant Conflict in Keonjhar District of Odisha : A Study

Background: Use of exfoliative cytology and cyto-analysis is a useful early diagnostic method for epithelial atypia and for human oral neoplasm. Rare occurrences of cytological atypia appear to be very thin, elongated, fibre like structures in oral epithelia is named as keratinized fiber cells (KFCs). In the present study, the aim is to quantify the KFCs and to analyze it morphometrically with a cytodiagnostic approach. Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, exfoliated scraped cytosmears were collected from the affected sites of the clinically diagnosed 136 oral cancer patients over the pre-cleaned microslides and immediately fixed in acetoalcohol. Cytosmears were stained with routine Papanicolaou’s stain and counterstained with the Giemsa’s solution. Out of one thousand screened cells, the KFCs were scored from each stained sample following standard criteria. Cytomorphometry was done by using computer-assisted Cat Cam 1.30 (1.3 Mega Pixel) microscope camera of Catalyst Biotech(Maharashtra, India). Findings were statistically analyzed, interpreted and correlated with the oral sites, sex and nature of addiction. Results: Keratinized fiber cells (KFCs) exhibit both cytological and nuclear pleomorphism. Usually, two types of KFCs–named as Large Keratinized fiber cells (LKFCs) and small Keratinized fiber cells (SKFCs) were observed in 53.76% of total collected samples from the premalignant and malignant cases. Almost all KFCs are moderately differentiated with an elongated fiber contour in each and are the pleomorphic form of normal oral squamous cells. Keratin expression in the cytoplasm in KFCs indicates epidermoid origin. The terminal ends are either pin-pointed or narrowly blunt. The nucleus is also found to be elongated inside the cytoplasm of KFCs. In rare cases, the nucleiof the KFCs may be either polarized or ink-dot shaped. Cytological as well as nuclear pleomorphism, pattern of keratiniztion, hyperchromasia and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratios in KFCs are of cytopathological importance and are the signs and clear indication of malignancy. Conclusion: Genesis of KFCs in the epithelia of oral neoplasm is a sign of neo-fibrosis. Pattern of keratiniztion, hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios (N/C) in KFCs are of cytopathological importance and thus appearance of KFCs in oral epithelia has a practical utility in early detection and diagnosis of the oral cancer patients.

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Differential Cytomorphometric Analysis of Keratinized Fiber Cells in Human Oral Carcinoma

Anuran amphibians have the potential to restore their lost tail by regeneration, although, unlike urodeles their regeneration capacity is restricted to larval stages. Application of vitamin A or retinoids to tail amputated tadpoles causes abnormal tai l regeneration and subsequently leads to development of ectopic organs (limbs and pelvic girdles) at the site of the tail, a phenomenon widely known as homeotic transformation. The present study focuses on the effect of different doses of vitamin A on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities during tail regeneration in the tadpoles of Asian toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus , a potential model for regeneration studies from Indian context. Application of vitamin A markedly increases the activity of both the phosphatases. Further, a comparatively higher dose of the vitamin leads to greater increase in activities of both phosphatases. A high level of both the enzymes in vitamin A treated regenerates suggests that the enzymes play an important role during abn ormal tail regeneration, a prerequisite for ectopic organ formation.

Effect of vitamin A on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities during tail regeneration in the tadpoles of the Asian toad

The study is carried out to investigate the haemogram of yellow-bellied house gecko in Odisha, India. Fifteen adult lizards of each sex were collected from the coastal area of Rajnagar block of Kendrapara, 754 225, Odisha, located in 20° 20′ N to 20° 37′ N latitude and 86° 14′ E to 87° 01′ E longitude. One millilitre of blood was collected from the ventral tail vein and transferred into vials containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and then transported in icebox to laboratory. The morphology of blood cells along with haematological parameters like haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leucocyte count (TLC), total platelet count (TPC), and differential leucocyte count (DLC) was calculated using standard procedures. Statistical analyses like correlation and t test were done. The study revealed that the TLC shows significant difference (t0.01) while the percentage of eosinophils is found to be significant at t0.05 between both sexes of lizard. The mean values of all other parameters are also showing difference between males and females of Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppell, 1835. The correlation with R2 values varies in males and females with respect to the parameters analysed. Some parameters are positively correlated with each other, and others are found to be negatively correlated. The data obtained could be useful in knowing the difference of haematological parameters between sexes of Hemidactylus flaviviridis.

Haemoprofile of yellow-bellied house gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppell, 1835

Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the cytopathology of human lip neoplasms, pattern of cervical lymph node (CLN) metastasis and to analyse the probable etiological risk factors associated with it.
Methodology: In this hospital based case-control study, 22 subjects (11 cases of lip neoplasm and 11 healthy individuals as Control group) were included in this study. Scraped exfoliated cytosmears were collected from the affected site of the lip and smearing was done in the precleaned- coded glass-slides. Two such slides were prepared from each subject. The cytosmears were immediately fixed in aceto-alcohol (1part of glacial acetic acid:3 part of absolute ethyl alcohol) fixative. One set of the slide was stained with Papanicolaou’s stain and the other set wascounter-stained with Giemsa’s Solution for cytopathological analysis.The TNM (Tumor- Node-Metastasis) System for staging of lip cancer formulated by American Joint Committee for Cancer (AJCC) Staging and End Results Reporting-2010 was followed. 
Results: Lower lip is found to be the most common site in the genesis of lip neoplasm. Pleomorphic cytological atypias such as Micronucleated cell (MNC), Plump keratinized squamous cell (PKSC), Keratinized spindle cell (KSC), Keratinized spindle cell (KSC), Keratinized tadpole cell (KTC), Keratinized strap (Anitschkow) cell (KSC-A), Keratinized fiber cell (KFC), Keratinized round cell (KRC) and Non-keratinized malignant squamous cell (NMSC) with drastic modification were frequently observed in lip neoplasm. Unpredictable metastasis is a common feature in lip neoplasm cases.
Conclusion: Excluding PKSC and MNC, presence of any other atypias in the cytosmearoflip neoplasm indicates the state of malignancy. Thus, exfoliative cytopathology has a potentiality in early detection of lip carcinoma in particular and oral cancer in general.

https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/exfoliative-cytopathology-of-human-lip-neoplasm.pdf

Prafulla K. Mohanty

Papers

Man- Elephant Conflict in Keonjhar District of Odisha : A Study

Differential Cytomorphometric Analysis of Keratinized Fiber Cells in Human Oral Carcinoma

Effect of vitamin A on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities during tail regeneration in the tadpoles of the Asian toad

Haemoprofile of yellow-bellied house gecko, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Ruppell, 1835

Exfoliative Cytopathology of Human Lip Neoplasm