Pathologic Basis of Diseaseby Stanley L. Robbins is really the fourth edition of hisPathology. Appropriate updating and addition enhance the otherwise identical format, sequence, writing, and illustrations. So many medical students have benefited from this source that it may be the best known general book in the field. I recommend it even more now. Like his former texts, this will be enjoyed for its readability. He clearly lays out a great deal of information. When he includes minutiae, the reasons are clear and one feels that all the material is pertinent. Robbins keeps the whole field in perspective—that is, he does not dwell so long or so heavily on pathologic anatomy or pathogenesis as to tempt the reader to overlook clinical presentation or prognosis. A great strength of the subject of pathology is that it bonds strongly with many other medical sciences and specialties and thus occupies the

Pathologic Basis of Disease

Natural killer cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, and therefore possess promising clinical utilization. NK cells do not express polymorphic clonotypic receptors and utilize inhibitory receptors (KIR and Ly49) to develop, mature, and recognize ‘self’ from ‘non-self’. The essential roles of common gamma cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in the commitment and development of NK cells are well-established. However, the critical functions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IL-27, and IL-35 in the transcriptional-priming of NK cells are only starting to emerge. Recent studies have highlighted multiple shared characteristics between NK cells the adaptive immune lymphocytes. NK cells utilize unique signaling pathways that offer exclusive ways to genetically manipulate to improve their effector functions. Here, we summarize the recent advances made in the understanding of how NK cells develop, mature, and their potential translational use in the clinic.

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Natural Killer Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Utilization

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/30/7/686.1.full.pdf

Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry

The Histology of the Fowl

There is currently an unmet need for better biomarkers across the spectrum of renal diseases. In this paper, we revisit the role of Beta 2 microglobulin (β2M) as a biomarker in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Prior to reviewing the numerous clinical studies in the area, we describe the basic biology of β2M, focusing in particular on its role in maintaining the serum albumin levels and reclaiming the albumin in tubular fluid through the actions of the neonatal Fc receptor. Disorders of abnormal β2M function arise as a result of altered binding of β2M to its protein cofactors and the clinical manifestations are exemplified by rare human genetic conditions and mice knockouts. We highlight the utility of β2M as a predictor of renal function and clinical outcomes in recent large database studies against predictions made by recently developed whole body population kinetic models. Furthermore, we discuss recent animal data suggesting that contrary to textbook dogma urinary β2M may be marker for glomerular rather than tubular pathology. We review the existing literature about β2M as a biomarker in patients receiving renal replacement therapy, with particular emphasis on large outcomes trials. We note emerging proteomic data suggest that β2M is a promising marker of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Finally, we present data about the role of β2M as a biomarker in a number of non-renal diseases. The goal of this comprehensive review is to direct attention to the multi-faceted role of β2M as a biomarker, and its exciting biology in order to propose the next steps thar are required to bring this recently rediscovered biomarkers into the 21st century.

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Rediscovering Beta-2 Microglobulin As a Biomarker across the Spectrum of Kidney Diseases.

Study on chromosomes of fish has become a priority area of research in recent years. Chromosome analysis can be useful for addressing a variety of evolutionary and genetic questions about fishes. The global fish fauna consists of about 28,900 species of fishes of which 2,200 species are cytogenetically studied. India's contribution so far was around 220 species. Fish chromosome studies of freshwater fishes are further sporadic in Orissa. Therefore, the present study is proposed for a systematic cytogenetic investigation of some freshwater fishes of Orissa.Karyotypic study of 5 species namely Labeo fimbriatus (Fam. Cyprinidae), Puntius sophore (Fam. Cyprinidae), Osteobrama cotio cotio (Fam. Cyprinidae), Chanda nama (Fam. Chandidae), and, Xenentodon cancila (Fam. Benonidae) from rural ponds of Bhubaneswar, India, was carried out. The diploid chromosome number in Labeo fimbriatus was 50 with a chromosomal formula of 10m+10sm+30T (FN=70), Puntius sophore 2n=48, 2m+46T (FN=50), Osteobrama cotio cotio 2n=54, 10m+8sm+8st+28T (FN=72), Chanda nama 2n=50, 8m+6sm+10st+26T (FN=64) and Xenentodon cancila, 2n=48 with chromosomal formula of 22m+10sm+6st+10T (FN=80). The evolutionary significance of these karyotypes of 5 species has been discussed.

Karyotypic Diversity of Some Freshwater Fish Species in Rural Ponds of Orissa, India

Background: Cytological pleomorphism is a unique and well exhibited phenomenon during oral carcinogenesis. Genesis and occurrence of cytological atypias in oral epithelium of carcinoma patients help the Cytopathologists in determining the type of tumor and even in early detection. Materials and Methods: In a case- control study, samples in the form of exfoliated scraped cytosmear were collected from the affected sites of the clinically diagnosed 136 oral cancer patients and were immediately fixed in acetoalcohol (1:3). The wet fixed smears were stained by routine Papanicolaou’s staining protocol and Giemsa’s solution. Stained tissues were studied under the microscope. Out of one thousand cells screened,well defined cytological atypias were scored. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) was calculated after taking the area of the cytoplasm (C) and nucleus (N) of the respective cell. The findings were statistically analyzed and interpreted with respect to oral sites and sexes. Results and Discussion: The keratinized spindle cell is the predominant atypia in the human oral spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC), which shows both cytological and nuclear pleomorphism and identifiable mitoses. Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in KSCs was found to be 1:11.6 in males and 1:9.5 in females indicates the state of malignancy. Conclusion: Occurrence of KSCs in oral epithelia has a practical utility in early detection and diagnosis of human oral carcinoma during carcinogenesis.

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Keratinized Spindle Cell: A Diagnostic Cytological Atypia In Human Oral Carcinoma

An experiment was conducted in glass jars for four weeks to assess the efficiency of fish hydrolysate (FH) of 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 1.25 and 6.25 ml L concentration on the production and growth of primary producers. T-3 (0.25 ml L) dose of FH has been found to maintain the water quality parameter to be within optimum level. And it ranged from pH (6.4-7.7), conductivity (312.0–355.3 μs/cm), alkalinity (51.3-86.0 mg/l), Hardness (38-86 mg/l), CO2 (2.0-6.7 mg/l), Ammonia (0-0.3mg/l), Nitrite (0-0.1 mg/l). Around 31 genre of phytoplankton belonging to Chlorophyceae (9), bacillarioyophyceae (8), cyanophyceae (7) and zooplankton (7) were identified. The results show that FH treatment 0.25 ml Lin T-3 enhances the phytoplankton and zooplankton production than other jar waters. So it has been recommended for application in aquaculture ponds as a biofertilizer for the well growth of the plankton species.

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In-Vitro Assessment of Plankton Production Using Fish Hydrolysate

This investigation presents an overview of the effect of sex on haematobiochemical and haemocytomorphometrical aspects of Datnioides polota. For the present study, 15 males and 15 females of Datnioides polota were collected from Balugaon, the central sector of Chilika lagoon of Odisha. Two millilitres of blood samples was collected from each sex through the caudal vein. One millilitre of collected blood was transferred from the syringe into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) containing vials, for haematological studies and other 1 ml was taken in Eppendorf tube without anticoagulant for analyses of biochemical parameters. Haematological parameters like red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cells count (WBC), haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), biochemical parameters such as glucose, protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and morphometrical parameters namely length, breadth, area, and N/C ratio of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils are analysed in relation to the sex of the fish. Statistical analysis reveals the sex wise significant difference in some haematological parameters like Hb which varies at P < 0.01 level while WBC deviate at P < 0.05 level. All the biochemical parameters show higher value in females in comparison to males except albumin but sex wise significant variation recorded in protein and globulin at P < 0.01 level. In males, the concentration of Hb is positively correlated with RBC and PCV while in females negatively correlated. RBC is positively correlated with PCV in both the sexes at R2 = 0.008 and R2 = 0.9 in male and female, respectively. The morphometry of blood cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes shows significant sexual dimorphism. The cellular length and area of monocytes deviate at the level of P < 0.01 and breadth at P < 0.05 level. The cellular and nuclear breadth of lymphocyte vary significantly at the level of P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of this study may serve as a reference value for haemocytological and biochemical parameters of this species which in turn helps in diagnosing diseases and increasing fish production.

Effect of sex on haemocytobiochemical profiling of silver tiger fish (Datnioides polota Hamilton, 1822)

Hematology is defined as the branch of biology which deals with the morphology of blood and blood forming organs. Hematological profile of blood provides important information about the internal environment of the organisms. The present study is conducted to investigate the hematological and serum biochemical profile of two species of rats, i.e., Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, which were performed with respect to sexual dimorphism. The calculated values are compared between both the sexes of two species of rat in this study with comparison to sex. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leucocyte count (TLC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and the serum biochemical parameters like total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and cholesterol are compared between and within the species using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. The hematological parameters such as RBC, Hb, PCV, MCH, MCV, and MCHC deviate significantly at p ˂ 0.001 except WBC which is insignificant. The biochemical parameters such as protein, glucose, cholesterol, and albumin differ significantly at p ˂ 0.001, and globulin deviates significantly at p ˂ 0.1.

Prafulla K. Mohanty

Papers

Karyotypic Diversity of Some Freshwater Fish Species in Rural Ponds of Orissa, India

Keratinized Spindle Cell: A Diagnostic Cytological Atypia In Human Oral Carcinoma

In-Vitro Assessment of Plankton Production Using Fish Hydrolysate

Effect of sex on haemocytobiochemical profiling of silver tiger fish (Datnioides polota Hamilton, 1822)

Comparative hemocytobiochemical profile of Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 and Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769