Advances in science and technology of modern energetic materials: an overview.

Energetic salts comprised of substituted 1,2,4-triazolium and tetrazolium cations and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolate-5-one (NTO), 5-nitroimino-tetrazolate, 3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazolate, 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, 4,5-dinitro-imidazolate, 3,5-dinitro-pyrazolate, and 5-nitro-tetrazolate anions were synthesized and characterized The structures of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium 3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazolate (6), and 1-propyl-1,2,4-triazolium 5-nitroimino-tetrazolate (20) were confirmed by X-ray analysis Standard enthalpies of formation were calculated using the computationally feasible DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 methods in conjunction with an empirical approach based on densities of salts Cheetah 40 was used to calculate detonation properties Salts 2, 14, 20, and 21 fall into the ionic liquid class (mp < 100 °C)

Energetic Salts of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one, 5-Nitroaminotetrazole, and Other Nitro-Substituted Azoles†

Enhanced performance of propellants and explosives is the most sought-after attribute for ambitious research programs in the field of high energy materials. Convergence of defence and space sector priorities has always kept research and development efforts in the area of propellants to the forefront. With the diminishing boundaries between rocket and gun propellants, as well as explosives, the possibility of low-vulnerable munitions with high performance potentials and spin-off advantages of research on rocket propellants are also emerging on the forefront. At the same time, an increasing predominance of missiles in today’s military warfare, as well as the space sector, has brought the issue of pollution by chlorine-containing combustion products of modern ammonium-perchlorate-based propellants into focus. A drastic transformation of high energy material technology is in offing. Research and development efforts made in this direction have brought an array of new materials into prominence. This paper reviews the recent work done in the frontier areas of advanced novel high energy materials. This paper covers the global scenario in the development of oxidizers, binders, plasticizers, high energy density materials, and insensitive high energy materials.

Emerging trends in advanced high energy materials

Studies of energetic compounds, part 29: effect of NTO and its salts on the combustion and condensed phase thermolysis of composite solid propellants, HTPB-AP

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic behavior of Cu nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of AP, HMX, NTO and composite solid propellants, Part 83

Prem S. Felix

Papers

Studies on energetic compounds. Part 16. Chemistry and decomposition mechanisms of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one (NTO).