Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

Abstract Biofuels are the promising alternative to exhaustible, environmentally unsafe fossil fuels. Algal biomass is attractive raw for biofuel production. Its cultivation does not compete for cropland with agricultural growing of food crop for biofuel and does not require complex treatment methods in comparison with lignocellulose-enriched biomass. Many microalgae are mixotrophs, so they can be used as energy source and as sewage purifier simultaneously. One of the main steps for algal biofuel fabrication is the cultivation of biomass. Photobioreactors and open-air systems are used for this purpose. The formers allow the careful cultivation control, but the latter ones are cheaper and simpler. Biomass conversion processes may be divided to the thermochemical, chemical, biochemical methods and direct combustion. For biodiesel production, triglyceride-enriched biomass undergoes transetherification. For bioalcohol production, biomass is subjected to fermentation. There are three methods of biohydrogen production in the microalgal cells: direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, fermentation.

Review: Biofuel production from plant and algal biomass

Nickel Spinel Ferrites: A review

Nanostructured titanium oxide hybrids-based electrochemical biosensors for healthcare applications

Magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles doped with metal ions: A review

We have studied the role of Dy3+ doping on the XRD, TEM, FTIR, and dielectric and electrical properties of CoFe2O4 at room temperature. Cubic spinel phase of CoFe2−xDyxO4 ( <path id="x1D465" d="M536 404q0 -17 -13.5 -31.5t-26.5 -14.5q-8 0 -15 10q-11 14 -25 14q-22 0 -67 -50q-47 -52 -68 -82l37 -102q31 -88 55 -88t78 59l16 -23q-32 -48 -68.5 -78t-65.5 -30q-19 0 -37.5 20t-29.5 53l-41 116q-72 -106 -114.5 -147.5t-79.5 -41.5q-21 0 -34.5 14t-13.5 37
q0 16 13.5 31.5t28.5 15.5q12 0 17 -11q5 -10 25 -10q22 0 57.5 36t89.5 111l-40 108q-22 58 -36 58q-21 0 -67 -57l-19 20q81 107 125 107q17 0 30 -22t39 -88l22 -55q68 92 108.5 128.5t74.5 36.5q20 0 32.5 -14t12.5 -30z"> = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15) was synthesized by using different sintering temperatures (300, 500, 700, and 900°C). The two absorption bands ν1 and ν2 are observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra corresponding to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, which show signature of spinel structure of the sample. For the sample sintered at 300°C, the dielectric constant is almost unchanged with the frequency at the particular concentrations of = 0.00 and 0.05. Similar result is obtained for the sample sintered at 500°C ( = 0.10, 0.15), 700°C ( = 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15), and 900°C ( = 0.05, 0.10). An increase in the dielectric constant was observed for the undoped cobalt ferrite sintered at 500, 700, and 900°C. The values of electrical resistivity of the materials vary from ~105 to 109 Ω-cm.

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FTIR and Electrical Study of Dysprosium Doped Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles

The global energy demand is increasing day by day, with which substantial risk to the environment is also increasing. The consumption of the fuel, as well as the demand, is expected to grow rapidly side by side, and use of fossil energy is causing harmful impacts on the environment. All these factors have greatly attracted the attention of the researchers to find some alternative renewable resources of energy. Biofuels are an outstanding instance of renewable energy which can be produced using biological organisms which will ultimately cause a reduction in dependence on fossil fuels. Thus, biofuels are an attractive and feasible source of renewable energy on contrary to the geopolitical instability, finite nature, and deleterious global effects of fossil fuel energy. Biofuels are basically the energy-enriched chemicals that are generated either directly through the biological processes or from the chemical conversion of the biomass of prior living organisms. Biofuels are chiefly produced by photosynthetic organisms, including photosynthetic bacteria, micro- and macroalgae, and vascular land plants. Among all these organisms utilized, microalgae are being considered to be the most attractive source for production of biofuels. The biofuels production is still challenging at commercial scale, and new strains with commercial potential are still needed to be explored more. The combination of multiple genetic engineering strategies for optimizing the biofuels production will surely be useful. Thus, to overcome the energy crisis, the global cooperative efforts are very important for transforming biofuels into our current energy system that will further aid in cultivation methodology development as well as technology advancement of biofuels production.

Technologies for Biofuel Production: Current Development, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Structural and magnetic study of dysprosium substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of multiferroic GdMnO3 nanoparticles synthesized by the modified sol–gel route have been investigated. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction along with Rietveld refinement confirm the pure phase of the GdMnO3 nanoparticles having an orthorhombic perovskite (space group: Pnma) type structure. The morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirms the stoichiometry of the composition. The room temperature UV-visible absorption spectrum using Tauc’s relation gives an optical band gap of ∼2.9 eV. A magnetization study of the GdMnO3 nanoparticles was performed over a temperature range of 2–300 K at an applied field of 0.05 T by using a vibrating sample magnetometer. An effective magnetic moment (μ
 eff) of ∼9.2μ
 B was obtained. The system is paramagnetic at room temperature and shows a ferromagnetic-like nature at 2 K as the applied magnetic field aligns the Gd moments and the contribution of the net moment of Gd spins is larger than that of the anti-ferromagnetically canted state of the Mn spins.

Puneet Negi

Papers

FTIR and Electrical Study of Dysprosium Doped Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles

Technologies for Biofuel Production: Current Development, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Structural and magnetic study of dysprosium substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Multiferroic GdMnO 3 Nanoparticles

Bioprospecting of Microbes for Biohydrogen Production: Current Status and Future Challenges