抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1). At a news briefing , WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, noted that over the past 2 weeks, the number of cases outside China increased 13-fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold. Further increases are expected. He said that the WHO is "deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity and by the alarming levels of inaction," and he called on countries to take action now to contain the virus. "We should double down," he said. "We should be more aggressive." [...].

WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges.

Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people. Data on symptoms and prognosis in children are rare.Methods: A systematic literature review was c ...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apa.15270

Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults.

The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly on a global scale. Although it is clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through human respiratory droplets and direct contact, the potential for aerosol transmission is poorly understood1-3. Here we investigated the aerodynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in aerosols in different areas of two Wuhan hospitals during the outbreak of COVID-19 in February and March 2020. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols that was detected in isolation wards and ventilated patient rooms was very low, but it was higher in the toilet areas used by the patients. Levels of airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the most public areas was undetectable, except in two areas that were prone to crowding; this increase was possibly due to individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the crowd. We found that some medical staff areas initially had high concentrations of viral RNA with aerosol size distributions that showed peaks in the submicrometre and/or supermicrometre regions; however, these levels were reduced to undetectable levels after implementation of rigorous sanitization procedures. Although we have not established the infectivity of the virus detected in these hospital areas, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 may have the potential to be transmitted through aerosols. Our results indicate that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols. Future work should explore the infectivity of aerosolized virus.

/pdf/aerodynamic-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-in-two-wuhan-hospitals-3hjvekq5gr.pdf

Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), meningoencephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and even fatal encephalitis in children, thereby presenting a serious risk to public health. It is important to determine the mechanisms underlying the regulation of EV71 infection. In this study, we initially show that the interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) reduces EV71 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and attenuates EV71 plaque-formation unit (PFU), thereby repressing EV71 infection. Microarray data analyses show that ILF2 mRNA is reduced upon EV71 infection. Cellular studies indicate that EV71 infection represses ILF2 mRNA expression and protein production in human leukemic monocytes (THP-1) -differentiated macrophages and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. In addition, EV71 nonstructural protein 2B interacts with ILF2 in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Interestingly, in the presence of EV71 2B, ILF2 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and it colocalizes with 2B in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we present a distinct mechanism by which EV71 antagonizes ILF2-mediated antiviral effects by inhibiting ILF2 expression and promoting ILF2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through its 2B protein.

/pdf/enterovirus-71-represses-interleukin-enhancer-binding-factor-2nea3umxh0.pdf

Enterovirus 71 Represses Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor 2 Production and Nucleus Translocation to Antagonize ILF2 Antiviral Effects

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key process of host immune response, the first line of defense against cellular stresses and pathogen infections. However, excessive inflammasome activation damages the hosts, and thus it must be precisely controlled. The mechanism underlying the repression of systematic inflammasome activation remains largely unknown. This study reveals that CUL1, a key component of the SCF E3 ligase, plays a critical role in regulation of the inflammasome. CUL1 suppresses the inflammasome activation in HEK293T cells, inhibits endogenous NLRP3 in macrophages, and represses inflammatory responses in C57BL/6 mice. Under normal physiological conditions, CUL1 interacts with NLRP3 to disrupt the inflammasome assembly, and catalyzes NLRP3 ubiquitination to repress the inflammasome activation. In response to inflammatory stimuli, CUL1 disassociates from NLRP3 to release the repression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This work reveals a distinct mechanism underlying the repression of inflammasome activation under physiological conditions and the induction of inflammasome activation in response to inflammatory stimuli, and thus provides insights into the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/03/27/289637.full.pdf

Cullin1 represses systematic inflammasome activation by binding and catalyzing NLRP3 ubiquitination

The invention discloses a fat soluble epigallocatechin gallate-palmitate disinfectant and a preparation method. The disinfectant is formed by mixing of an organic solution and an inorganic solution. The organic solution contains glycerin, benzyl alcohol, gluconolactone, vitamin E, and fat soluble epigallocatechin gallate-palmitate. The inorganic solution contains deionized water, citric acid, sodium benzoate, Carbomer, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and an aloe extract. The preparation steps include: 1. preparing an organic solution, i.e. adding fat soluble epigallocatechin gallate-palmitate and auxiliary materials, and mixing the materials uniformly to obtain the organic solution; 2. preparing the inorganic solution, i.e. dissolving citric acid, sodium benzoate, Carbomer, hydroxyethyl cellulose and the aloe extract in deionized water, adjusting the pH value to obtain a jelly solution; and 3. adding the organic solution into the inorganic solution to obtain the disinfectant. The disinfectant provided by the invention has the advantages of reasonable formula, convenient use, long term efficacy, high efficiency, no toxicity, and oxidation resistance, does not contain contaminants or toxic substances, and is suitable for infants, children and adults.

Fat soluble epigallocatechin gallate-palmitate disinfectant and preparation method

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12250-020-00280-9.pdf

A Study of Two Cases Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

The invention discloses a fat-soluble gallocatechin palmitate and alcohol compound disinfectant and a preparation method thereof. The compound disinfectant is prepared by mixing an organic solution and an inorganic solution, wherein the organic solution is prepared from glycerinum, alcohol, vitamin E and fat-soluble gallocatechin palmitate; and the inorganic solution is prepared from deionized water, gel polymer, surfactant, aloe extract and pH regulator. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1, preparing the organic solution, namely adding fat-soluble gallocatechin palmitate, alcohol and auxiliaries, and uniformly mixing to obtain the organic solution; 2, preparing the inorganic solution, namely dissolving polyquaternium-10, benzalkonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Carbomer Ultrez 20 and aloe extract in the deionized water; and 3, adding the organic solution into the inorganic solution to obtain the disinfectant. The compound disinfectant is reasonable in formula and convenient to use, is long-acting, efficient, nontoxic and oxidation-resistant, does not contain pollutant or toxic matter, and is applicable to disinfection for human body skin surfaces and object surfaces.

Qi Zhang

Papers

Enterovirus 71 Represses Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor 2 Production and Nucleus Translocation to Antagonize ILF2 Antiviral Effects

Cullin1 represses systematic inflammasome activation by binding and catalyzing NLRP3 ubiquitination

Fat soluble epigallocatechin gallate-palmitate disinfectant and preparation method

A Study of Two Cases Co-Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Gallocatechin palmitate and alcohol compound disinfectant and preparation method thereof