Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

The lithium metal battery is strongly considered to be one of the most promising candidates for high-energy-density energy storage devices in our modern and technology-based society. However, uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth induces poor cycling efficiency and severe safety concerns, dragging lithium metal batteries out of practical applications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the lithium metal anode and its dendritic lithium growth. First, the working principles and technical challenges of a lithium metal anode are underscored. Specific attention is paid to the mechanistic understandings and quantitative models for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium dendrite nucleation, and growth. On the basis of previous theoretical understanding and analysis, recently proposed strategies to suppress dendrite growth of lithium metal anode and some other metal anodes are reviewed. A section dedicated to the potential of full-cell lithium metal batteries for practical applicatio...

Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review.

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The presence of tiny holes in an opaque metal film, with sizes smaller than the wavelength of incident light, leads to a wide variety of unexpected optical properties such as strongly enhanced transmission of light through the holes and wavelength filtering. These intriguing effects are now known to be due to the interaction of the light with electronic resonances in the surface of the metal film, and they can be controlled by adjusting the size and geometry of the holes. This knowledge is opening up exciting new opportunities in applications ranging from subwavelength optics and optoelectronics to chemical sensing and biophysics.

Light in tiny holes

Metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic media that are structured on the subwavelength scale, were initially suggested for the negative-index 'superlens'. Later metamaterials became a paradigm for engineering electromagnetic space and controlling propagation of waves: the field of transformation optics was born. The research agenda is now shifting towards achieving tunable, switchable, nonlinear and sensing functionalities. It is therefore timely to discuss the emerging field of metadevices where we define the devices as having unique and useful functionalities that are realized by structuring of functional matter on the subwavelength scale. In this Review we summarize research on photonic, terahertz and microwave electromagnetic metamaterials and metadevices with functionalities attained through the exploitation of phase-change media, semiconductors, graphene, carbon nanotubes and liquid crystals. The Review also encompasses microelectromechanical metadevices, metadevices engaging the nonlinear and quantum response of superconductors, electrostatic and optomechanical forces and nonlinear metadevices incorporating lumped nonlinear components.

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From metamaterials to metadevices.

A modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) film with nanopores, fabricated through a scalable and low-cost process, can serve as a protective layer for improving lithium-metal anodes This film can suppress Li-dendrite formation because of its chemical inertness and mechanical properties Stable cycling over 200 cycles with an averaged CE of 945% is demonstrated at 05 mA cm-2 

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Thin Film as a Stable Interfacial Layer for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Battery Anodes.

We have fabricated a metamaterial of metal/semiconductor/metal sandwich nanostrips structure comprising a pair of gold strips and a vanadium dioxide (VO2) strip. The optical response of the metamaterial has been studied. The results indicate the nanostructure with VO2 strips can be used as a temperature-controlling optical switch and the mechanism of this switch can be explained by the magnetic resonance.

Optical switching of a metamaterial by temperature controlling

P A P ER Abstract Recent realization of nontrivial topological phases in photonic systems has provided unprecedented opportunities in steering light flow in novel manners. Based on the Su– Schriffer–Heeger (SSH) model, a topologically protected optical mode was successfully demonstrated in a plasmonic waveguide array with a kinked interface that exhibits a robust nonspreading feature. However, under the same excitation conditions, another antikinked structure seemingly cannot support such a topological interface mode, which appears to be inconsistent with the SSH model. Theoretical calculations are carried out based on the coupled-mode theory, in which the mode properties, excitation conditions, and the robustness are studied in detail. It is revealed that under the exact eigenstate excitations, both kinked and antikinked structures do support such robust topological interface modes; however, for a realistic single-waveguide input only the kinked structure does so. It is concluded that the symmetry of interface eigenmodes plays a crucial role, and the odd eigenmode in a kinked structure offers the capacity to excite the nonspreading interface mode in the realistic excitation of a one-waveguide input. Our finding deepens the understanding of mode excitation and propagation in coupled waveguide systems, and could open a new avenue in optical simulations and photonic designs.

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Topologically protected interface mode in plasmonic waveguide arrays

A chalcogenide material with Ag/Ag5In5Sb60Te30/Ag structure was proposed as a memristor. Reproducible gradual resistance tuning in bipolar/unipolar modes was demonstrated. The resistance variation was tuned more precisely by controlling the polarity, the amplitude, the width, and the number of applied voltage pulses. The bipolar memristive switch was attributed to the coexistence of intrinsic space charge limited conduction and extrinsic electrochemical metallization effect. Moreover, the unipolar gradual resistance tuning reconfirmed the electrochemical metallization effect. The gradual resistance tuning characteristics will promote this memristor to potential application in mimicking biological plastic synapses.

AgInSbTe memristor with gradual resistance tuning

We demonstrate here that the enhancement of optical transmission originates not only from surface plasmons (SPs) but also from the coupling of SPs in the $\mathrm{Ag}∕\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ multilayer with a periodic array of subwavelength holes. The multilayer film is constructed by repeating a building block, which contains two layers: one is a silver film with periodic array of subwavelength holes and the other is a film of $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The multilayers were fabricated by magnetron sputtering, and the array of holes was milled with focused-ion-beam facility. The measured optical transmission properties reasonably agree with our numerical calculations. It is shown that the coupling of SPs strongly depends on the detailed structure, and in our system, the coupled SPs can be characterized by using an effective-permittivity model. In the sandwiched structure with nanostructured silver, the coupling of SPs leads to the shift of transmission peaks, while in a nanostructured $\mathrm{Ag}∕\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ multilayer, the coupling of SPs yields a new resonant mode with increased quality factor of the transmission peak, which originates from multiple scatterings and the coupling of electromagnetic waves on the interfaces of the multilayers. These properties may be utilized to tune electromagnetic wave in subwavelength optics.

Qianjin Wang

Papers

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Thin Film as a Stable Interfacial Layer for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Battery Anodes.

Optical switching of a metamaterial by temperature controlling

Topologically protected interface mode in plasmonic waveguide arrays

AgInSbTe memristor with gradual resistance tuning

Coupling of surface plasmons in nanostructured metal/dielectric multilayers with subwavelength hole arrays