1. Introduction 20642. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 20662.1. Classical Synthesis by Coprecipitation 20662.2. Reactions in Constrained Environments 20682.3. Hydrothermal and High-TemperatureReactions20692.4. Sol-Gel Reactions 20702.5. Polyol Methods 20712.6. Flow Injection Syntheses 20712.7. Electrochemical Methods 20712.8. Aerosol/Vapor Methods 20712.9. Sonolysis 20723. Stabilization of Magnetic Particles 20723.1. Monomeric Stabilizers 20723.1.1. Carboxylates 20733.1.2. Phosphates 20733.2. Inorganic Materials 20733.2.1. Silica 20733.2.2. Gold 20743.3. Polymer Stabilizers 20743.3.1. Dextran 20743.3.2. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 20753.3.3. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 20753.3.4. Alginate 20753.3.5. Chitosan 20753.3.6. Other Polymers 20753.4. Other Strategies for Stabilization 20764. Methods of Vectorization of the Particles 20765. Structural and Physicochemical Characterization 20785.1. Size, Polydispersity, Shape, and SurfaceCharacterization20795.2. Structure of Ferro- or FerrimagneticNanoparticles20805.2.1. Ferro- and Ferrimagnetic Nanoparticles 20805.3. Use of Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents forMRI20825.3.1. High Anisotropy Model 20845.3.2. Small Crystal and Low Anisotropy EnergyLimit20855.3.3. Practical Interests of Magnetic NuclearRelaxation for the Characterization ofSuperparamagnetic Colloid20855.3.4. Relaxation of Agglomerated Systems 20856. Applications 20866.1. MRI: Cellular Labeling, Molecular Imaging(Inﬂammation, Apoptose, etc.)20866.2.

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications

TOPICAL REVIEW: Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine

The physical principles underlying some current biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles are reviewed. Starting from well-known basic concepts, and drawing on examples from biology and biomedicine, the relevant physics of magnetic materials and their responses to applied magnetic fields are surveyed. The way these properties are controlled and used is illustrated with reference to (i) magnetic separation of labelled cells and other biological entities; (ii) therapeutic drug, gene and radionuclide delivery; (iii) radio frequency methods for the catabolism of tumours via hyperthermia; and (iv) contrast enhancement agents for magnetic resonance imaging applications. Future prospects are also discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201/pdf

Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine

This review is focused on describing state-of-the-art synthetic routes for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles useful for biomedical applications. In addition to this topic, we have also described in some detail some of the possible applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine with special emphasis on showing the benefits of using nanoparticles. Finally, we have addressed some relevant findings on the importance of having well-defined synthetic routes to produce materials not only with similar physical features but also with similar crystallochemical characteristics.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/202/pdf

The preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine

Surface-tension-driven flows and, in particular, their tendency to decay spontaneously into drops have long fascinated naturalists, the earliest systematic experiments dating back to the beginning of the 19th century. Linear stability theory governs the onset of breakup and was developed by Rayleigh, Plateau, and Maxwell. However, only recently has attention turned to the nonlinear behavior in the vicinity of the singular point where a drop separates. The increased attention is due to a number of recent and increasingly refined experiments, as well as to a host of technological applications, ranging from printing to mixing and fiber spinning. The description of drop separation becomes possible because jet motion turns out to be effectively governed by one-dimensional equations, which still contain most of the richness of the original dynamics. In addition, an attraction for physicists lies in the fact that the separation singularity is governed by universal scaling laws, which constitute an asymptotic solution of the Navier-Stokes equation before and after breakup. The Navier-Stokes equation is thus continued uniquely through the singularity. At high viscosities, a series of noise-driven instabilities has been observed, which are a nested superposition of singularities of the same universal form. At low viscosities, there is rich scaling behavior in addition to aesthetically pleasing breakup patterns driven by capillary waves. The author reviews the theoretical development of this field alongside recent experimental work, and outlines unsolved problems.

/pdf/nonlinear-dynamics-and-breakup-of-free-surface-flows-2oabav2z0g.pdf

Nonlinear dynamics and breakup of free-surface flows

Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field

Magnetization critical level derived for instability onset for ferromagnetic fluid having nonlinear relation with magnetic induction

The interfacial stability of a ferromagnetic fluid

Ferrohydrodynamics treats the flow and thermodynamics of magnetically polarizable fluid in response to applied magnetic field. Following its introduction twenty years ago, ferro‐hydrodynamics has developed as a branch of mechanics similar to magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics. Unique phenomena of ferrofluids and related media are manifested in hydrostatics, inviscid and viscous flows, magnetically induced flow instability, magnetic stabilization of flow, generation of antisymmetric stress, and magnetic multiphase flow. Certain of the phenomena serve as bases of developed technology in seals, dampers, accelerometers, and cooling techniques with new applications under active development in tribology, acoustics, printing, instrumentation, and other areas. Ferrohydrodynamic principles underlie also the development of magnetic multiphase systems yielding turbulence prevention of moving‐bed operations in the process industry. Major concepts and advances of the field are presented in the context of th...

Directions in ferrohydrodynamics (invited)

Normal field instability and patterns in pools of ferrofluid

Synergetics, the subject of this symposium, is concerned with the spontaneous formation of well organized spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal structures. The topic leads to problems of evolution, and whether processes of self-organization may be found in simple systems of the unanimated world [1]. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that numerous examples of self-organization exist in physical and chemical systems, and a search has developed to identify basic principles that may be common among the systems. A system that has contributed numbers of famous examples is fluid dynamics, and another is ferromagnetism. In the same spirit, in the following, we examine phenomena resulting from the interaction of fluid dynamics with ferromagnetism as displayed by magnetic fluids. It will be seen that the fluid magnetic examples contribute additional objects to the synergetics collection of self-organizing structures.

R. E. Rosensweig

Papers

Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field

The interfacial stability of a ferromagnetic fluid

Directions in ferrohydrodynamics (invited)

Normal field instability and patterns in pools of ferrofluid

Pattern Formation in Magnetic Fluids