Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts of climate change on crop productivity that could have consequences for food availability. The stability of whole food systems may be at risk under climate change because of short-term variability in supply. However, the potential impact is less clear at regional scales, but it is likely that climate variability and change will exacerbate food insecurity in areas currently vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition. Likewise, it can be anticipated that food access and utilization will be affected indirectly via collateral effects on household and individual incomes, and food utilization could be impaired by loss of access to drinking water and damage to health. The evidence supports the need for considerable investment in adaptation and mitigation actions toward a “climate-smart food system” that is more resilient to climate change influences on food security.

Climate change impacts on global food security

Food systems contribute 19%–29% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, releasing 9,800–16,900 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2008. Agricultural production, including indirect emissions associated with land-cover change, contributes 80%–86% of total food system emissions, with significant regional variation. The impacts of global climate change on food systems are expected to be widespread, complex, geographically and temporally variable, and profoundly influenced by socioeconomic conditions. Historical statistical studies and integrated assessment models provide evidence that climate change will affect agricultural yields and earnings, food prices, reliability of delivery, food quality, and, notably, food safety. Low-income producers and consumers of food will be more vulnerable to climate change owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in adaptive institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Some synergies among food security, adaptati...

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/881annurev.pdf

Climate Change and Food Systems

eMedicine创建于1996年，由近万名临床医师作为作者或编辑参与此临床医学知识库的建设，其中编辑均是来自美国哈佛、耶鲁、斯坦福、芝加哥、德克萨斯、加州大学等各分校医学院的教授或副教授。

eMedicine

Currently microorganisms are best identified using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. However, in recent years matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a potential tool for microbial identification and diagnosis. During the MALDI-TOF MS process, microbes are identified using either intact cells or cell extracts. The process is rapid, sensitive, and economical in terms of both labor and costs involved. The technology has been readily imbibed by microbiologists who have reported usage of MALDI-TOF MS for a number of purposes like, microbial identification and strain typing, epidemiological studies, detection of biological warfare agents, detection of water- and food-borne pathogens, detection of antibiotic resistance and detection of blood and urinary tract pathogens etc. The limitation of the technology is that identification of new isolates is possible only if the spectral database contains peptide mass fingerprints of the type strains of specific genera/species/subspecies/strains. This review provides an overview of the status and recent applications of mass spectrometry for microbial identification. It also explores the usefulness of this exciting new technology for diagnosis of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis.

Wheat is fundamental to human civilization and has played an outstanding role in feeding a hungry world and improving global food security The crop contributes about 20 % of the total dietary calories and proteins worldwide Food demand in the developing regions is growing by 1 % annually and varies from 170 kg in Central Asia to 27 kg in East and South Africa The developing regions (including China and Central Asia) account for roughly 53 % of the total harvested area and 50 % of the production Unprecedented productivity growth from the Green Revolution (GR) since the 1960s dramatically transformed world wheat production, benefitting both producers and consumers through low production costs and low food prices Modern wheat varieties were adopted more rapidly than any other technological innovation in the history of agriculture, recently reaching about 90 % of the area in developing regions One of the key challenges today is to replace these varieties with new ones for better sustainability While the GR “spared” essential ecosystems from conversion to agriculture, it also generated its own environmental problems Also productivity increase is now slow or static Achieving the productivity gains needed to ensure food security will therefore require more than a repeat performance of the GR of the past Future demand will need to be achieved through sustainable intensification that combines better crop resistance to diseases and pests, adaptation to warmer climates, and reduced use of water, fertilizer, labor and fuel Meeting these challenges will require concerted efforts in research and innovation to develop and deploy viable solutions Substantive investment will be required to realize sustainable productivity growth through better technologies and policy and institutional innovations that facilitate farmer adoption and adaptation The enduring lessons from the GR and the recent efforts for sustainable intensification of cereal systems in South Asia and other regions provide useful insights for the future

/pdf/crops-that-feed-the-world-6-past-successes-and-future-57mr5z3ily.pdf

Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by maize in global food security

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/5522/1/Phytochemistry-Paterson%5b1%5d.pdf

Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory.

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/11321/1/Paterson_Food%20Research%20International.pdf

How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food

http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/7896/1/Paterson_Cordyceps%5b1%5d.pdf

Cordyceps – A traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/35268/1/document_19875_1.pdf

From 2000years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals.

Humans are exposed to mycotoxins via ingestion, contact and inhalation This must have occurred throughout human history and led to severe outbreaks Potential diseases range from akakabio-byo to stachybotryotoxicosis and cancer The known molecular bases of toxicology run the gamut of 23 compounds, from aflatoxins (AFs) to zearalenone, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol Ergotism is one of the oldest recognized mycotoxicosis, although mycotoxin science only commenced in the 1960s with the discovery of AFs in turkey feed AFs are carcinogenic Some others are suspected carcinogens The effects of mycotoxins are acute or chronic in nature Mycotoxins are well known in the scientific community, although they have a low profile in the general population An incongruous situation occurs in United States where mycotoxins from “moldy homes” are considered to be a significant problem, although there is a general debate about seriousness This contrasts with the thousands of deaths from mycotoxins that occur, even now, in the technologically less developed countries (eg, Indonesia, China, and Africa) Mycotoxins are more toxic than pesticides Studies are moving from whole animal work to investigating the biochemical mechanisms in isolated cells, and the mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular level are being elucidated The stereochemical nature of AFs has been shown to be important In addition, the effect of multiple mycotoxins is being increasingly investigated, which will more accurately represent the situation in nature It is anticipated that more fungal metabolites will be recognized as dangerous toxins and permitted statutory levels will decrease in the future

R. Russell M. Paterson

Papers

Ganoderma - a therapeutic fungal biofactory.

How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food

Cordyceps – A traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?

From 2000years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals.

Toxicology of mycotoxins