Organic Chemistry By Dr. I. L. Finar. Vol. 2: Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products. Pp. xi + 733. (London and New York: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1956.) 40s. net.

Advanced Organic Chemistry

A review of ionic liquids: Applications towards catalytic organic transformations

Density functional theory (DFT) as a powerful tool for designing new organic corrosion inhibitors. Part 1: An overview

The thermal and physicochemical properties of protic ionic liquids (PILs) are reported. It is highly evident that there has been an extensive range of alkylammonium, imidazolium, and heterocyclic cations paired with many organic and inorganic anions that have been employed to prepare PILs. There has been strong interest in modifying the properties of PILs through the addition of water or other molecular solvents. For many applications, the presence of some water in the PILs is not detrimental, and instead leads to enhanced solvent properties such as lower viscosity, higher conductivities, and lower melting points. It remains an issue of definition though of how to refer to these resulting protic solutions. There is also an ongoing difficulty surrounding how to describe the proton activity in the PILs, analogous to pH in aqueous systems. For a broad range of applications, it has been reported that the acidity/basicity of the PIL or PIL-solvent system is crucial for their beneficial properties. It is expected that the fundamental properties of PILs will continue to be explored, along with continued interest in many existing and new applications, such as in electrochemistry, organic and inorganic synthesis, and biological applications. In particular, there has been a significant interest in a broad- range of PILs for use as electrolytes and incorporation in polymer electrolytes for fuel cells, and other energy storage devices.

Protic Ionic Liquids: Evolving Structure–Property Relationships and Expanding Applications

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature. Due to its high amount of phenolic compounds storage, lignin is considered as an alternative source for various polymers and biomaterials production. Except for the native lignin in lignocellulose, a massive amount of technical lignin is being produced daily all over the world. However, the complex structure and low reactivity of lignin limit its further applications and currently, most of the lignin is burned for generating energy. Therefore, the depolymerization of lignin is considered one of the important challenges in lignin utilization. Methods for lignin depolymerization can be divided into thermochemical treatment, mechanical treatment, chemical catalysis, and biological treatment. Different methods for lignin depolymerization, their characteristics and products are extensively discussed in this review.

Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects

Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review

Four molecules that have been proven to act as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in acidic media are studied. The inhibitive efficiency of these molecules is explained by means of electronic structure calculations of the protonated species that seem to represent better the actual situation of the experimental conditions. By assuming that the interaction between the inhibitor and the metallic surface occurs through donation and back-donation, it is shown, with a simple charge transfer model, that the interaction energy is favored when hardness increases, in agreement with the experimentally observed inhibition efficiencies. A local analysis with Hirshfeld condensed Fukui functions, and local Fukui functions, provides further support to the donation and back-donation mechanism.

Quantum Chemical Study of the Inhibitive Properties of 2-Pyridyl-Azoles

Demulsification of heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions: A comparative study between microwave and thermal heating

The research and application of green chemistry principles have led to the development of cleaner processes. In this sense, during the present century an ever-growing number of studies have been published describing the use of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents, catalysts, or templates to develop more environmentally friendly and efficient chemical transformations for their use in both academia and industry. The conjugation of ILs and microwave irradiation as a non-conventional heating source has shown evident advantages when compared to conventional synthetic procedures for the generation of fast, efficient, and environmental friendly synthetic methodologies. This review focuses on the advances in the use of ILs in organic, polymers and materials syntheses under MW irradiation conditions.

Microwave-assisted synthesis using ionic liquids

Water/oil emulsions are formed in oil wells because of the presence of natural surfactants, such as asphaltenes and resins. These molecules strongly stabilize the water/oil interface and prevent coalescence of water droplets. Because water/oil phase separation is necessary before oil refining, surfactants are used to break water/oil emulsions. Herein, surface-active ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated for the first time as demulsifier agents for water-in-crude oil emulsions of light, heavy, and ultra-heavy Mexican crude oil under conventional and microwave dielectric heating. The use of microwave irradiation accelerated and increased significantly the efficiency of demulsification of ultra-heavy crude oil emulsion.

Rafael Martínez-Palou

Papers

Transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline: A review

Quantum Chemical Study of the Inhibitive Properties of 2-Pyridyl-Azoles

Demulsification of heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions: A comparative study between microwave and thermal heating

Microwave-assisted synthesis using ionic liquids

Ionic Liquids as Demulsifiers of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions: Study of the Microwave Effect