Showing papers in "Fuel in 2013"

TL;DR: In this paper, small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS), low-pressure adsorption (N2 and CO2), and high-pressure mercury intrusion measurements were performed on a suite of North American shale reservoir samples providing the first ever comparison of all these techniques for characterizing the complex pore structure of shales.

TL;DR: An extended overview of the phase-mineral and chemical composition and classification of biomass ash (BA) was conducted in this paper, where reference peer-reviewed data including phasemineral composition and properties of BAs plus own investigations were used to describe and organise the BA system.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used hydrothermal carbonization to upgrade waste biomass and increase its energy density at temperatures ranging from 150 to 375°C and a residence time of 30min.

TL;DR: In this article, the surface fractals of pore surface were analyzed with surface fractal dimensions and the results showed that the more irregular surface, the more inhomogeneous pore structures is, meaning more surface area and then stronger adsorption capability.

TL;DR: In this article, an extended overview of the complex phase-mineral and chemical composition and properties of biomass ash (BA) was conducted in Part 1 of the present work and the potential application of BA using the above classification approach is described in the present Part 2.

TL;DR: In this paper, the progress made in CO2 capture, storage, and utilization in Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is reviewed, and new concepts such as adsorption using dry regenerable solid sorbents as well as functional ionic liquids (ILs) for CO 2 capture are thoroughly discussed.

TL;DR: In this paper, a single cylinder research engine was used to experimentally determine the effects of fuel injection strategies and injection timings on engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics, and the experiments were conducted at constant speed (2500-rpm) with two FIPs (500 and 1000 bars respectively) and different start of injection (SOI) timings.

TL;DR: An extended overview of phase-mineral transformations of organic and inorganic matter that occur during biomass combustion was conducted in this article, where it was demonstrated that the phase composition of BA is polycomponent, heterogeneous and variable and includes: (1) mostly inorganic material (IM) composed of non-crystalline (amorphous) and crystalline to semiscale constituents; (2) subordinately organic matter (OM) consisting of char and organic minerals; and (3) some fluid matter associated with both IM and OM.

TL;DR: In this paper, three Bacillus subtilis strains (#309, #311 and #573) isolated from Brazilian crude oils were optimized based on different carbon and nitrogen sources, and the lowest surface tension values were obtained using sucrose containing media for the three isolates.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared biochar production conditions to the yield and properties of biochar, particularly its long-term stability, and found that the yield of stable biochar fraction is nearly independent of the temperature.

TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a single cylinder spray guided direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine fuelled with 2-Methylfuran (MF) compared to gasoline, ethanol and DMF were measured and studied.

TL;DR: The volatile-char interactions can very significantly affect almost every aspect of low-rank fuel gasification, including the volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species, the evolution of char structure, the dispersion of inherent catalysts and thus the reactivity of char.

TL;DR: In this paper, the availability, properties, purification, and utilization of COG are reviewed in detail, with focus on some major industrial projects in China and other countries that are based on COG utilization technology.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of temperature on oil shale pyrolysis and the creation of pore volume during thermal treatment was investigated using three-dimensional X-ray micro tomography (XMT).

TL;DR: In this article, the pore structure of AAF paste was examined by MIP and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and compared with the PORE structure of Portland cement paste.

TL;DR: In this article, high-speed imaging and droplet sizing were used to study the effects of fuel properties, temperature and pressure conditions on the extent of spray formation in high-pressure multi-hole injectors for direct-injection spark-ignition engines.

TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D pore structure model was reconstructed from 200 two-dimensional SEM/FIB images, and the rock petrophysical properties, including porosity, permeability, and tortuosity, were calculated from the model.

TL;DR: In this article, a flat flame adiabatic burner was used to measure the laminar burning velocities of iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene, a reference fuel and a commercial gasoline.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the blends on the engine combustion characteristics and regulated emissions namely nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and soot results from this study with a similar past study: (30% rapeseed oil methyl esters (RMEs) shared volume with similar diesel fuel admixed to 5% or 7.5% bioethanol).

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of pyrolysis temperature and sweeping gas flow rate on the yields and distributions of carbon and nitrogen in sludge samples were investigated and NH 3 was found to be the predominant nitrogenous gas under all the conditions.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of additives on hydrate formation kinetics were also investigated, with a mesh size of 60-120, 100-200 and 230-400 having different surface area.

TL;DR: In this article, the performance of Ni-Co/Al 2 O 3 catalysts with the optimum composition was shown to be higher than the corresponding monometallic Ni and Co catalysts in terms of the catalytic activity, the resistance to coke formation and catalyst life in the steam reforming of biomass tar.

TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nanometal oxide additives like manganese oxide and copper oxide to diesel fuel was investigated and the results showed that the diesel fuel with nanometric oxide additive presented a marginal increase in performance.

TL;DR: In this paper, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) has been used to quantify pyrotelysis products and simulate fast pyrolynsis heating rates, in order to study potential key light and medium volatile decomposition products found in these feedstocks.

TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of integrating anaerobic digestion plant with onsite polymeric membrane purification system for conditioned biomethane production was shown, which can be used for onsite power generation, to heat homes or can be added to the national natural gas grid.

TL;DR: In this paper, an updated techno-economic analysis of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway is presented, which shows that the pathway could produce cellulosic biofuels for a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $2.11/gal.

TL;DR: A detailed survey on hot gas filtration can be found in this article, where the main focus is on the review of hot gas filter media as well as hot gas filtering systems.

TL;DR: In this article, the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of cottonseed oil and its (methyl ester) bio-diesel in blends with 20% by vol. of either n -butanol or diethyl ether (DEE), fueling a standard, experimental, single-cylinder, four-stroke, high-speed direct injection (HSDI), ‘Hydra’ diesel engine are compared.

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of dual-fuel combustion on the performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with natural gas (NG) and biogas (BG).

TL;DR: In this paper, a high-pressure mixing system is developed for blending liquid ammonia with DME, the latter serving to initiate combustion, which results in higher CO and HC emissions.