Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax procumbens against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in rats

Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Tridax procumbens Linn. (Family-Asteraceae; common name-Dhaman grass) is common herb found in India. Traditionally, the tribal inhabitants of Udaipur district in Rajasthan (India) uses the leaf powder (along with other herb) orally to treat diabetes. There is a need to evaluate extracts of this plant in order to provide scientific proof for it's application in traditional medicine system. Extraction of whole plant of T. procumbens using 50%methanol. The extract was tested for acute and sub-chronic anti-hyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats and for acute toxicity test among normal rats. Observations on body weight as well as on the oral glucose tolerance levels were also recorded. Oral administration of acute and sub chronic doses (250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt.) of T. procumbens extract showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, however the decline in blood sugar levels in normal rats was not observed. In acute study the maximum percent blood glucose reduction (68.26% at 250 mg/kg and 71.03% at 500 mg/kg body weight) in diabetic rats was observed at 6 h. The anti-hyperglycemic effects were not dependent of dose and the OGTT and Body weight supported the antihyperglycemic action of the drug. The results of anti-diabetic effect of T. procumbens were compared with the reference standard drug Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt.). These test results support traditional medicinal use of, T. procumbens for the treatment of diabetes mellitus with corrections in body weight and oral glucose tolerance and no visible signs or symptoms of toxicity in normal rats indicating a high margin of safety. These results warrant follow-up through bioassay-directed isolation of the active principles.

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Evaluation of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic potential of Tridax procumbens (Linn.).

Mosquitoes are the major vector for the transmission of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filariasis, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis (JE)1. In India, malaria is one of the most important causes of direct or indirect infant, child and adult mortality with approximately two to three million new cases arising every year. Anopheles subpictus Grassi is distributed throughout India, Afghanistan, Borneo, China, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Java and Indonesia. It is a dominant species in Haryana and Uttaranchal states2. Though it is a non-vector species, same infected specimens with malarial parasite have been reported from India, Indonesia and Java3. An. culicifacies is the main vector of malaria, and An. subpictus is a significant secondary vector in Sri Lanka4. An. subpictus is recognized as the secondary vector of malaria in South East Asia, with a large number of cases being reported from India. 2,400 million (about 40%) of the world's population5,6. India contributes 77 per cent of the total malaria in Southeast Asia7. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is a primary vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, with a distribution throughout Southeast Asia and South Asia. Keiser et al8 have reported that global annual incidence and mortality estimates for JE are 30,000 to 50,000 and 10,000 respectively.

Annona squamosa, commonly known as custard apple is a native of West Indies and is cultivated throughout India, mainly for its edible fruit. Das et al9 reported that the ethanol leaf extract of A. squamosa was found to have the most promising larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The larvicidal and mosquitocidal activities of ethanolic water mixture extract of A. squamosa and Centella asiaticai were effective against larvae of An. stephensi10. The leaves methanolic extract and the seeds petroleum ether extract of A. squamosa showed larvicidal activity when tested against An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti11. Chrysanthemum indicum is a traditional herb used to treat various disorders, hypertension symptoms and several infectious diseases in Korean and Chinese medicine12. Beninger et al13 reported that the leaves of C. morifolium extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were found to reduce the growth of Trichoplusia ni larvae. Tridax procumbens is commonly used in Indian traditional medicine as anticoagulant, antifungal and insect repellent, in bronchial catarrh, diarrhoea and dysentery14. The entire plant is used for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, vaginitis, dysentery and gastrointestinal disorders15.

Though larvicides play a vital role in controlling mosquitoes in their breeding sites, these also show a negative impact in areas of beneficial and non-target organisms. In view of an increasing interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, this study was undertaken to assess the larvicidal potential of the extracts from the medicinal plants against two medically important species of malaria vector, An. subpictus and JE vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus.

Larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus & Culex tritaeniorhynchus

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, an important Asian traditional medicine: From traditional uses to scientific data for its commercial exploitation

A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax procumbens.

Phytochemical studies on the roots of Hemidesmus indicus resulted in the isolation of six new pentacyclic triterpenes including two oleanenes identified as olean-12-en-21 beta-yl acetate, and olean-12-en-3 alpha-yl acetate, three ursenes characterized as 16(17)-seco-urs-12,20(30)-dien-18 alpha H-3 beta-yl actetate, urs-20(30)-en-18 beta H-3 beta-yl acetate and 16(17)-seco-urs-12,20(30) dien-18-alpha H-3 beta-ol and a lupene formulated us lup-1,12-dien-3-on-21-ol including a known compound, beta-amyrin acetate, on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and chemical means.

New pentacyclic triterpenes from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus.

The effect of the ethanol extract of Capparis moonii Hook f Thoms (Capparidaceae) fruits was studied in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats The hepatotoxicity was induced in rats with the administration of 1 : 1 (v/v) mixture of CCl4 in olive oil at the dose of 1 ml/kg subcutaneously on day 7 The ethanol extract of C moonii (200 mg/kg) and the standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg) were given orally from day 1 to day 9 The extract of C moonii produced significant (p < 0001) lowering of the elevated Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminace (SGOT) Serum glutamicpyraric transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and a rise of depleted total protein when compared with the toxic control The results were comparable with the standard drug silymarin

Prevention of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity by the Ethanol Extract of Capparis moonii Fruits in Rats

Phytochemical studies on the stem bark of Thevetia peruviana resulted in the isolation of six new ursane-type triterpenes, named peruvianursenyl acetate A, peruvianursenyl acetate B, isolupenyl acetate, peruvianursenyl acetate C, lupedienyl acetate and peruvianursenyl glucoside along with two known triterpenoids, namely alpha-amyrin acetate and lupeol acetate. The structures of the new phytoconstituents have been established as 23--nor methyl urs-12-en-4 alpha-ethylenic-18 alpha-H-3 beta-yl acetate, urs-5.21-dien-18 alpha-H-3 beta-yl acetate, lup-20 (29)-en-3 alpha-yl acetate, urs-12 en-18 alpha-H-3 beta-yl acetate, lup-5,20 (29)-dien-3 beta-yl acetate, and urs-12-en-18 alpha-H-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively.

New Ursane‐Type Triterpenic Esters from the Stem Bark of Thevetia peruviana

Six new chemical constituents, a secoursane-type triterpene. two sesquiterpenic esters, an alkyl 8-lactone. a cyclohexyl substituted alkanoic acid and a sesterterpenic ester have been isolated from the aerial parts of Pillchea lallceolala and their structures were established as 14. I 5-seco-urs-18fjH-20 (30)-en-3~-yl acetate I , 4, 8-dimethyldodeca-7Z-en-y l-9'a, 10'adihydroxy undecan-I'-oate 2, a-dotriaconta-29. 32-olide 3. 4'a(2"-ketobutyl cyclohexy l)-20a-eincosan-14a-ol-l-oic acid 4.5.9. 13. 17-tetramethyl18-en-8a-olnonadecanoic acid octany l ester 5 and 3,7, II-trimethyl dodeca-IO-en-yl-II-hexadecan-9'a-ol1 '-oate 6 by spectral data analyses and chemical evidences.

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Ramidi Ramachandram

Papers

A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax procumbens.

New pentacyclic triterpenes from the roots of Hemidesmus indicus.

Prevention of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity by the Ethanol Extract of Capparis moonii Fruits in Rats

New Ursane‐Type Triterpenic Esters from the Stem Bark of Thevetia peruviana

Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata C.B.Clarke