Many definitions of food security exist, and these have been the subject of much debate. As early as 1992, Maxwell and Smith (1992) reviewed more than 180 items discussing concepts and definitions, and more definitions have been formulated since (DEFRA, 2006). Whereas many earlier definitions centered on food production, more recent definitions highlight access to food, in keeping with the 1996 World Food Summit definition (FAO, 1996) that food security is met when “all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Worldwide attention on food access was given impetus by the food “price spike” in 2007–2008, triggered by a complex set of long- and short-term factors (FAO, 2009b; von Braun and Torero, 2009). FAO concluded, “provisional estimates show that, in 2007, 75 million more people were added to the total number of undernourished relative to 2003–05” (FAO, 2008); this is arguably a low-end estimate (Headey and Fan, 2010). More than enough food is currently produced per capita to feed the global population, yet about 870 million people remained hungry in the period from 2010 to 2012 (FAO et al., 2012). The questions for this chapter are how far climate and its change affect current food production systems and food security and the extent to which they will do so in the future (Figure 7-1).

Food security and food production systems

Phytoremediation: Environmentally sustainable way for reclamation of heavy metal polluted soils.

Folin phenol Reagentの呈色反応について-続-

Currently, food security depends on the increased production of cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which is an important source of calories and protein for humans. However, cells of the crop have suffered from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause severe oxidative damage to the plants, due to environmental stresses. ROS are toxic molecules found in various subcellular compartments. The equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ROS is sustained by enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. In the present review, we offer a brief summary of antioxidant defense and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signaling in wheat plants. Wheat plants increase antioxidant defense mechanisms under abiotic stresses, such as drought, cold, heat, salinity and UV-B radiation, to alleviate oxidative damage. Moreover, H2O2 signaling is an important factor contributing to stress tolerance in cereals.

/pdf/antioxidant-responses-of-wheat-plants-under-stress-2293932w9r.pdf

Antioxidant responses of wheat plants under stress

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/A%20comparison%20of%20North%20American%20and%20Asian%20exposure.pdf

A comparison of North American and Asian exposure-response data for ozone effects on crop yields.

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Assessment%20of%20yield%20losses%20in%20tropical%20wheat.pdf

Assessment of yield losses in tropical wheat using open top chambers

Evaluation of physiological and biochemical responses of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to ambient air pollution using open top chambers at a rural site in India.

This study examines the annual, seasonal and diurnal variations in the ambient concentrations of ozone at a suburban site of Varanasi, India, during 2002-2006. Prominent seasonal variations in ozone concentrations were recorded. Ozone concentrations were higher during the warmer months. Daytime 12-hourly mean monthly ozone concentrations varied from 45.18 to 62.35 ppb during summer, from 28.55 to 44.25 ppb during winter and from 24 to 43.85 ppb during the rainy season from 2002 to 2006. Distinct diurnal variations in ozone concentrations were also observed. Daytime maxima in ozone concentration were recorded between 1200 and 1400 h, whereas morning and evening hours showed lower concentrations of ozone. Ozone concentrations in the atmosphere depended on several meteorological factors. Monthly average ozone concentration was significantly correlated with maximum temperature (p<0.001) and mean monthly temperature (p<0.05), maximum relative humidity (p<0.001), minimum relative humidity (p<0.001) and mean monthly relative humidity (p<0.001), and sunshine hours (p<0.001). Ozone concentrations in the ambient air have shown an increase in the past decade that was more in the winter and rainy seasons than in the summer. This study suggests that ozone concentrations around Varanasi were sufficiently high to cause significant damage to agricultural production. The present work can be extended to a regional level by incorporating modelling studies using recent remote sensing tools.

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Annual%20and%20seasonal%20variations%20in%20tropospheric%20ozone%20concentrations.pdf

Annual and seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations around Varanasi

Differential response of dwarf and tall tropical wheat cultivars to elevated ozone with and without carbon dioxide enrichment: Growth, yield and grain quality

Air pollution recieves one of the prime concern in India, primarily due to rapid economic growth, industrialization and urbanization with associated increase in energy demands. Lacks of implementation of environmental regulations are contributing to the bad air quality of most of the Indian cities. Air pollutants produced in any air shed are not completely confined, but at time trespassing all the geographical boundaries, hence donot remain only a problem of urban centres, but spread and affect remote rural areas supporting large productive agricultural land. Air pollutants pose risks on yield of crops depending on the emission pattern, atmospheric transport and leaf uptake and on the plant’s biochemical defense capacity. Recent trends have shown decrease in SO2 emissions, but increase in NO2 emission due to more number of automobiles. In past few decades, tropospheric O3 has been identified as a most important air pollutant of rural areas. Air pollutants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which adversely affect biochemical processes of plants and reduce their tolerance capacity to other stresses also. Several vital physiological processes such as photosynthetic CO2 fixation and energy metabolism are also affected negatively by air pollutants. An adverse effect caused by air pollutants depends not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration and combination of air pollutants. The present review deals with present and future trends of major gaseous pollutants emissions and their impact on crop performance.

/pdf/gaseous-air-pollutants-a-review-on-current-and-future-trends-2j8hq0i1n7.pdf

Richa Rai

Papers

Assessment of yield losses in tropical wheat using open top chambers

Evaluation of physiological and biochemical responses of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to ambient air pollution using open top chambers at a rural site in India.

Annual and seasonal variations in tropospheric ozone concentrations around Varanasi

Differential response of dwarf and tall tropical wheat cultivars to elevated ozone with and without carbon dioxide enrichment: Growth, yield and grain quality

Gaseous air pollutants : a review on current and future trends of emissions and impact on agriculture