2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

/pdf/nonaqueous-liquid-electrolytes-for-lithium-based-uxm5ffbi18.pdf

Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot—a review of chemical reaction pathways

Chemical kinetic modeling of hydrocarbon combustion

A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/591413.pdf

The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling

The selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia over ZSM-5 catalysts was studied with and without water vapor. The activity of H-, Na- and Cu-ZSM-5 was compared and the result showed that the activity was greatly enhanced by the introduction of copper ions. A comparison between Cu-ZSM-5 of different silica to alumina ratios was also performed. The highest NO conversion was observed over the sample with the lowest silica to alumina ratio and the highest copper content. Further studies were performed with the Cu-ZSM-5-27 (silica/alumina = 27) sample to investigate the effect of changes in the feed gas. Oxygen improves the activity at temperatures below 250 °C, but at higher temperatures O2 decreases the activity. The presence of water enhances the NO reduction, especially at high temperature. It is important to use about equal amounts of nitrogen oxides and ammonia at 175 °C to avoid ammonia slip and a blocking effect, but also to have high enough concentration to reduce the NOx. At high temperature higher NH3 concentrations result in additional NOx reduction since more NH3 becomes available for the NO reduction. At these higher temperatures ammonia oxidation increases so that there is no ammonia slip. Exposing the catalyst to equimolecular amounts of NO and NO2 increases the conversion of NOx, but causes an increased formation of N2O.

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over Cu-ZSM-5—The effect of changing the gas composition

Kinetic modeling, in combination with flow reactor experiments, was used in this study for simulating NH 3 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x over Cu-ZSM-5. First the mass-transfer in the wash-coat was examined experimentally, by using two monoliths: one with 11 wt.% wash-coat and the other sample with 23 wt.% wash-coat. When the ratio between the total flow rate and the wash-coat amount was kept constant similar results for NO x conversion and NH 3 slip were obtained, indicating no significant mass-transfer limitations in the wash-coat layer. A broad range of experimental conditions was used when developing the model: ammonia temperature programmed desorption (TPD), NH 3 oxidation, NO oxidation, and NH 3 SCR experiments with different NO-to-NO 2 ratios. 5% water was used in all experiments, since water affects the amount of ammonia stored and also the activity of the catalyst. The kinetic model contains seven reaction steps including these for: ammonia adsorption and desorption, NH 3 oxidation, NO oxidation, standard SCR (NO + O 2  + NH 3 ), rapid SCR (NO + NO 2  + NH 3 ), NO 2 SCR (NO 2  + NH 3 ) and N 2 O formation. The model describes all experiments well. The kinetic parameters and 95% linearized confidence regions are given in the paper. The model was validated with six experiments not included in the kinetic parameter estimation. The ammonia concentration was varied from 200 up to 800 ppm using NO only as a NO x source in the first experiment and 50% NO and 50% NO 2 in the second experiment. The model was also validated with transient experiments at 175 and 350 °C where the NO and NH 3 concentrations were varied stepwise with a duration of 2 min for each step. In addition, two short transient experiments were simulated where the NO 2 and NO levels as well as NO 2 -to-NO x ratio were varied. The model could describe all validation experiments very well.

Richard J. Blint

Papers

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over Cu-ZSM-5—The effect of changing the gas composition

A kinetic model for ammonia selective catalytic reduction over Cu-ZSM-5

The potential energy surface of the HO2 molecular system

Numerical simulation of turbulent propane–air combustion with nonhomogeneous reactants

Formation of small aromatic molecules in a sooting ethylene flame