Graphene and its derivatives: Opportunities and challenges in dentistry

Advanced biomaterials for repairing and reconstruction of mandibular defects.

Powder mixed-EDM is a newly emerging proposed manufacturing process which can simultaneously shape and coat the surface of conductive materials. Transformation of machined surface is occurred throu...

Bio-ceramic coatings adhesion and roughness of biomaterials through PM-EDM: a comprehensive review

This paper proposes the development of a biomimetic composite based on naturally derived biomaterials. This freeze-dried scaffold contains a microwave-synthesized form of biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAp), using the interwoven hierarchical structure of eggshell membrane (ESM) as bio-template. The bone regeneration capacity of the scaffold is enhanced with the help of added tricalcium phosphate from bovine Bone ash (BA). With the addition of Gelatin (Gel) and Chitosan (CS) as organic matrix, the obtained composite is characterized by the ability to stimulate the cellular response and might accelerate the bone healing process. Structural characterization of the synthesized HAp (ESM) confirms the presence of both hydroxyapatite and monetite phases, in accordance with the spectroscopy results on the ESM before and after the microwave thermal treatment (the presence of phosphate group). Morphology studies on all individual components and final scaffold, highlight their morphology and porous structure, characteristics that influence the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Porosity, swelling rate and the in vitro cytotoxicity assays performed on amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC), demonstrate the effective biocompatibility of the obtained materials. The experimental results presented in this paper highlight an original biocomposite scaffold obtained from naturally derived materials, in a nontoxic manner.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/5/1161/pdf

Biomimetic Composite Scaffold Based on Naturally Derived Biomaterials.

Nanotechnology, and scaffold implantation for the effective repair of injured organs: An overview on hard tissue engineering

In this study, a wet chemical method was used to synthesize nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate 4-hydrate were used as starting materials with a sodium hydroxide solution as an agent for pH adjustment. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titration analysis were used to characterize the synthesized powders. Having been uniaxially pressed, the powders formed a disk-like shape. The sinterability and electrical properties of the samples were examined, and the three-point bending test allowed for the measurement of their mechanical properties. Sedimentation analysis was used to analyze the slurry ability of hydroxyapatite. As in-vitro biological properties of the samples, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity were assessed using osteoblast-like cells and the L929 cell line, respectively. Solubility was assessed by employing a simulated body fluid.

/pdf/nanostructured-hydroxyapatite-for-biomedical-applications-1m1c13my6y.pdf

Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications: From Powder to Bioceramic

The use of bioceramics in the human body, including bioactive glasses and calcium phosphates, has revolutionized the research in biomedical field. These biomaterials are not only employed regularly in dentistry and orthopedic surgery, but also are potentially appropriate for an extensive variety of important clinically relevant applications within the medical device industry. Numerous implant biomaterials made of ceramics have been utilized in the past three decades. These materials commonly have brilliant chemical and biological characteristics; however, they have some limitations in terms of mechanical properties, brittleness, and fatigue. Biological benefits of bioactive glasses and calcium phosphates have been acknowledged by numerous in vivo and in vitro studies. This chapter reviews the range of bioactive glasses and calcium phosphate-based ceramics, their relevant properties, and potential clinical applications.

Bioactive glasses and calcium phosphates

A literature survey was conducted to examine the available information on the potential of growth factors (GFs) for maxillofacial regeneration applications. The goal of this chapter is to evaluate the biological nature of the GFs, their molecular level of activity and their osteogenic potential in maxillofacial regeneration. All the GFs examined in this study have a crucial role in human growth and development. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have a vital role in general growth and maintenance of the body keleton. In postnatal skeletal regeneration, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a fundamental role in the inducing proliferation of the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. It is also an effective mediator for bone healing and regeneration during trauma and infection. The cooperation of IGF-I with PDGF has been beneficial in encouraging bone regeneration in maxillofacial defects. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in maxillofacial reconstruction, however, seems to be associated with uncertain results. The presence of committed cells is needed for stimulating bone creation by TGF-β. It has a biphasic influence, which represses proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation at high concentrations. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) seem to be the most impactful GFs with regard to maxillofacial defect repair. The effectiveness of BMPs for maxillofacial defect repair is greatly dependent on the type of carrier, and because of this, has been subjected to unknown factors in the clinical possibility trials, leading to unclear results.

Growth factors for oral and maxillofacial regeneration applications

Tissue engineering is a novel and multidisciplinary field that intends to remake functional, sound tissues and organs to supplant unhealthy or dead tissues. The advancement of tissue engineering for dental tissues is promising, and different dental soft and hard tissues have been regenerated effectively in vitro, utilizing stem cells and scaffolds. In almost any tissue engineering application, there are various challenges and unanswered inquiries that should be settled for further advancements. It is expected that in the next few decades, the field of dentistry will be altered remarkably by the accessibility of novel tissue-engineered products in the dental industry. This book chapter aims to address the advancement of tissue engineering for different dental hard and soft tissues, such as enamel, dentin, bone, periodontium, oral mucosa, and salivary glands. Additionally, challenges in the advancement of tissue engineering and future trends have been summarized in this book chapter.

Applications of Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering in Dentistry

Cells with special capacity of self-renewal and potency are known as stem cells that can be changed into desirable cells by involvement of suitable biochemical signals. Recently the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery has decorated its presence by taking progressive jumps into stem cell and regenerative medicine research and further bringing it into practice. Stem cells with the ability to form dentin, bone, and neuronal cells can be potentially utilized for oral, maxillofacial, and dental treatments and provide valuable therapeutic alternatives for patients. On the other hand, many useful stem cells can be extracted from oral and maxillofacial tissues, which are readily available in dental schools and clinics. This chapter aims to review the literature on stem cells extracted from oral and maxillofacial tissues, with regard to their characteristics, types and advantages to be used in stem cell-based treatments.

Rizwan Bader

Papers

Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications: From Powder to Bioceramic

Bioactive glasses and calcium phosphates

Growth factors for oral and maxillofacial regeneration applications

Applications of Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering in Dentistry

Stem cells from oral and maxillofacial tissues