3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Advances in the development of novel cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons and clean fuels.

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

Commensurate adsorption of hydrocarbons and alcohols in microporous metal organic frameworks.

In this perspective, we highlight the main opportunities of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalysts. Along with our personal view on the most promising catalytic applications, the most important issues that still need to be addressed before commercial implementation of MOF catalysis are discussed.

Metal Organic Framework Catalysis: Quo vadis?

http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi/files/2010/03/ramirez_cattd2000_catalreactdimension.pdf

The six-flow reactor technology: A review on fast catalyst screening and kinetic studies

The catalytic hydrogenation of d -glucose to d -sorbitol over a 5% Ru/C catalyst was studied in a semi-batch slurry autoclave operating at 373–403 K and 4.0–7.5 MPa hydrogen pressure. The d -glucose concentration was varied between 0.56 and 1.39 mol/l. The kinetic experiments were carried out in the absence of mass transport limitations, which was verified by using measured gas–liquid mass transfer coefficients and estimated diffusion and liquid–solid mass transfer coefficients. Many literature reports suffer from transport limitations. In the operating regime studied the reaction rate showed a first order dependency with respect to hydrogen. A shift in the order of d -glucose was observed. At low d -glucose concentrations (up to ca. 0.3 mol/l) the reaction showed a first order dependency, while at higher concentrations this changed to zero order behavior. No inhibition by sorbitol or mannitol was observed. The kinetic data were modeled using three plausible rate models based on Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) kinetics assuming that the surface reaction is rate-determining. Model 1 involves non-competitive adsorption of hydrogen and d -glucose. Hydrogen adsorption is either molecular or dissociative, but due to the weak adsorption it results in both cases in a linear hydrogen pressure dependency, i.e. the same rate expression; Model 2 is based on competitive adsorption of molecular hydrogen and d -glucose; and Model 3 assumes competitive adsorption of dissociatively chemisorbed hydrogen and d -glucose. All three models described the data satisfactorily and further statistic discrimination between these models was not possible.

Three-phase hydrogenation of d-glucose over a carbon supported ruthenium catalyst—mass transfer and kinetics

The chemical reactions taking place in the chemical reactor form the heart of any chemical process. Reaction kinetics are the translation of our understanding of the chemical processes into a mathematical rate expression that can be used in reactor design and rating. Because of the importance of correct and safe design of chemical reactors, chemical reaction kinetics is a key aspect of research and development in chemical industries, in research institutes, and academic centers, as well as in industrial laboratories. There is, and there will always be, a strong need for knowledge and a skill base concerning the determination of reaction kinetics and their application in the form of a kinetic model. This paper is a result of cooperation within Eurokin, a consortium of over 10 European companies and 4 universities. An industrial questionnaire in 1995 highlighted that industry is not only a little conservative in the methods it uses to determine kinetics, but also that there was a wide awareness of the scope for improvement. Eurokin was thus founded in 1998 to try and establish the best practices and to facilitate development work in kinetics and associated areas. The paper briefly explains some underlying theory of heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions and their kinetics. It deals specifically with the acquisition of kinetic data, and gives recommendations for the selection of the experimental reactor and conditions. A primary aim of this paper is discuss kinetic experimentation and modeling through a series of case studies, attempting to illustrate good practice, methods in kinetic modeling, pitfalls, and recommendations. The paper closes with some recommendations and a perspective on the future needs of industrial reaction kinetics.

Eurokin - Chemical reaction kinetics in practice.

The application of various transient techniques in heterogeneous catalysis (TAP, step-response experiments, SSITKA, TEOM), with the aim to determine reaction kinetics for design purposes, is presented for several cases. These cases, comprising catalytic cracking, diffusion in zeolites, simultaneous NO, and SO, removal, syngas production from methane by chemical looping and selective catalytic reduction of NOx, show that transient techniques can be well used for the purpose of rapid determination of the reaction kinetics without the laborious classical approach of steady-state kinetic measurements and without the need of high levels of sophistication to interpret and process the experimental data. In this respect transient kinetics deserve, next to fundamental catalysis studies, more frequent application in design Studies for industrially relevant reaction systems. Topics and challenges for further developments in transient studies are indicated. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rob J. Berger

Papers

The six-flow reactor technology: A review on fast catalyst screening and kinetic studies

Three-phase hydrogenation of d-glucose over a carbon supported ruthenium catalyst—mass transfer and kinetics

Eurokin - Chemical reaction kinetics in practice.

Dynamic methods for catalytic kinetics

Accelerated synthesis of all-silica DD3R and its performance in the separation of propylene/propane mixtures