This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership

Forest restoration is a strategy to reverse forest loss and degradation. We overviewed deforestation in the period 1975–2018 in the Brazilian Amazon and the projects, techniques, and scientific publications conducted to recover forest in the area by 2019. We used GIS to assess forest loss and a systematic data collection gathered from 12 universities, five major environmental agencies, and an ad-hoc bibliographic survey that rendered information from 405 restoration projects and 152 published studies. The Brazilian Amazon has undergone an accelerated deforestation in the last 43 years, resulting in 20% (788,353 km2) of its territory deforested by 2018. Deforestation rate was 27,033 km2 yr−1 between 1975 and 1987 and 14,542 km2 yr−1 between 1988 and 2018 (1.97% yr−1 of forest loss between 1975 and 2018). In 2018, 41 Amazonian municipalities were classified as priority areas for monitoring and control deforestation and 21 additional municipalities were deemed as areas with controlled deforestation. Our survey identified 405 projects of forest restoration in 191 municipalities between 1950 and 2017. The majority (229) of these projects used seedling planting as the main forest restoration technique. Forest restoration projects based upon agroforestry systems (144), assisted natural regeneration (27), and natural regeneration (5) were also identified. Despite a considerable number of projects and publications, the region still lacks scientific studies that reinforce the choice of best practices for forest restoration, and the information currently available is not enough to quantify what has already been recovered or the potential area to be restored.

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An overview of forest loss and restoration in the Brazilian Amazon

Vulnerability, understood as the propensity to be adversely affected, has attained importance in the context of climate change by helping to understand what makes populations and territories predisposed to its impacts. Conditions of vulnerability may vary depending on the characteristics of each territory studied—social, environmental, infrastructural, public policies, among others. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate what makes the municipalities of the state of Amazonas, Brazil, vulnerable to climate change in the context of the largest tropical forest in the world, and which regions of the State are the most susceptible. A Municipal Vulnerability Index was developed, which was used to associate current socio-environmental characteristics of municipalities with climate change scenarios in order to identify those that may be most affected by climate change. The results showed that poor adaptive capacity and poverty had the most influence on current vulnerability of the municipalities of Amazonas with the most vulnerable areas being the southern, northern, and eastern regions of the state. When current vulnerability was related to future climate change projections, the most vulnerable areas were the northern, northeastern, extreme southern, and southwestern regions. From a socio-environmental and climatic point of view, these regions should be a priority for public policy efforts to reduce their vulnerability and prepare them to cope with the adverse aspects of climate change.

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Mapping human vulnerability to climate change in the Brazilian Amazon: The construction of a municipal vulnerability index.

The impact of deforestation, urbanization, public investments, and agriculture on human welfare in the Brazilian Amazonia

Este artigo analisa – com base na revisao da literatura existente e por meio da analise de dados secundarios, realizando uma analise historica desde a Colonizacao Portuguesa – as etapas de desenvolvimento da Regiao Amazonica e sua associacao com a pratica do desmatamento, destacando as politicas publicas que fomentaram o desenvolvimento da regiao e o atual avanco de sistemas produtivos orientados pelo estimulo economico. Demonstra-se que o desenvolvimento populacional e economico da Amazonia, citados como as principais causas do desmatamento e estimulados, em boa parte, por politicas economicas, e um processo desuniforme no tempo e no espaco, gerando o desmatamento desigual entre os estados que compoem essa regiao e dentro de cada estado.AbstractBasing on the literature review and on published dataset and following the time chronology of the events since the Portuguese colonization, this paper analyzes the stages of Amazonian region development and its impacts on deforestation, highlighting the policies addressing to foster the Amazon’s development and the current stage of economic activities. The population growth and the economic activities, pointed out as the main causes of the Amazonian deforestation and stimulated by economic policies, have been unequally developed inside the Amazonian region, generating the unequal deforestation process among the Amazonian states and inside each state.Keywords: Amazonian region. Development. Development policies. Deforestation causes

https://www.periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/ecos/article/download/8642342/9814

Os processos de desenvolvimento e desmatamento da Amazônia

O desmatamento da floresta amazonica e um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pelo Brasil. A literatura aponta inumeras causas ou fatores para o desmatamento, e muitos deles sao, direta ou indiretamente, derivados de gastos realizados pelo governo federal. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo e analisar empiricamente, atraves de um modelo econometrico de dados em painel, como os gastos do governo influenciam o desmatamento na regiao amazonica ou mesmo o atenuam. O Para e utilizado como estudo de caso por apresentar o maior grau de desmatamento dentre todos os estados amazonicos.

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O impacto dos gastos do governo federal no desmatamento no Estado do Pará

A presente pesquisa analisa a influencia da certificacao ambiental sobre a internacionalizacao do setor madeireiro no Brasil. O estudo se desdobra em duas partes. Inicialmente, por meio de dados da FAO e do MDIC, foi calculada a Vantagem Comparativa Revela para os bens madeireiros. Esse indice mostrou que o Brasil, embora detenha imensas quantidades de recursos naturais, nao apresenta vantagem comparativa nesse setor. E com dados da Receita Federal Brasileira e do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), que e o selo mais difundido no setor florestal brasileiro, foi possivel verificar que as empresas madeireiras certificadas exportam, em media, um valor maior que as nao certificadas e exportam tambem para um numero maior de paises. Os resultados encontrados aqui mostram a importância da certificacao ambiental tanto ao meio ambiente quanto as empresas.

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Certificação ambiental e internacionalização: uma análise do setor madeireiro brasileiro

This paper analyses the empirical relationship between Amazonian rainforest deforestation and local population welfare, measuring the impact on welfare if the deforestation area has to be reduced. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was used to measure welfare. Using 1995 Agriculture Census dataset, a Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated considering three production inputs: capital, land and labor. Applying a nonlinear programming method (Kuhn-Tucker conditions) on the results generated by the production function, the impacts of land constraints on agriculture and agribusiness incomes could be calculated, generating a new value of income for each Amazonian state. Combining new values of income with education and health indexes, a new MHDI was estimated for some Amazonian states. Results point out MHDI would have small reductions, despite significant reductions in some states income, if some restrains would be established on arable land use.

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Análise da relação entre desmatamento e bem-estar da população da Amazônia Legal

The 1970s and 1980s of the last century faced the arise of a new thought about public administration. This new thought had the intention to break away from the bureaucracy theory. Therefore, it searched for a close connection with the concepts that concern the private sector. These actions were a response to a crisis scenario that was settled in several countries. As a consequence of this, the New Public Management popped up, and it greatly influenced the State's structural reforms that were implemented in Brazil during 1990s. These reforms intended to consolidate a State that would have efficiency as one of its fundamental principles. Besides that, the movement of managerial reform in the Brazilian State also connected the public organizations with the management models that are currently adopted by capitalist enterprises, as, for example, the strategic management models. Among these, the Balanced Scorecard is certainly one of the most notorious, since it is a performance measurement tool that is capable of realizing the distinct dimensions of State activity and able to notice the differences between public and private sector activities. Hence, the Balanced Scorecard grants the measurement of the State's performance, but not only: it also assists the preparation and the implementation of the State's strategies. Given such a context, this study aimed, through a case study about the Federal Revenue Service of Brazil (RFB), to understand how the Strategic Management occurs in the Brazilian federal government by the match between the precepts of the New Public Management and the Balanced Scorecard. Keywords: Public Administration, New Public Management, Balanced Scorecard

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Rodolfo Coelho Prates

Papers

Os processos de desenvolvimento e desmatamento da Amazônia

O impacto dos gastos do governo federal no desmatamento no Estado do Pará

Certificação ambiental e internacionalização: uma análise do setor madeireiro brasileiro

Análise da relação entre desmatamento e bem-estar da população da Amazônia Legal

O Controle Gerencial na Perspectiva do New Public Management: O Caso da Adoção do Balanced Scorecard na Receita Federal do Brasil