抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/%7Elatora/report_06.pdf

Complex networks: Structure and dynamics

The Internet has a very complex connectivity recently modeled by the class of scale-free networks. This feature, which appears to be very efficient for a communications network, favors at the same time the spreading of computer viruses. We analyze real data from computer virus infections and find the average lifetime and persistence of viral strains on the Internet. We define a dynamical model for the spreading of infections on scale-free networks, finding the absence of an epidemic threshold and its associated critical behavior. This new epidemiological framework rationalizes data of computer viruses and could help in the understanding of other spreading phenomena on communication and social networks.

https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:331357/fulltext.pdf

Epidemic Spreading in Scale-Free Networks

Statistical physics has proven to be a fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. Recent years have witnessed an attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of individuals as elementary units in social structures. A wide list of topics are reviewed ranging from opinion and cultural and language dynamics to crowd behavior, hierarchy formation, human dynamics, and social spreading. The connections between these problems and other, more traditional, topics of statistical physics are highlighted. Comparison of model results with empirical data from social systems are also emphasized.

Statistical physics of social dynamics

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Driven lattice gases: simulations 3. Driven lattice gases: theory 4. Lattice gases with reaction 5. Catalysis models 6. The contact process 7. Models of disorder 8. Conflicting dynamics 9. Particle reaction models Bibliography Index.

Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in Lattice Models

We present a pedagogical introduction to self-organized criticality (SOC), unraveling its connections with nonequilibrium phase transitions. There are several paths from a conventional critical point to SOC. They begin with an absorbing-state phase transition (directed percolation is a familiar example), and impose supervision or driving on the system; two commonly used methods are extremal dynamics, and driving at a rate approaching zero. We illustrate this in sandpiles, where SOC is a consequence of slow driving in a system exhibiting an absorbing-state phase transition with a conserved density. Other paths to SOC, in driven interfaces, the Bak-Sneppen model, and self- organized directed percolation, are also examined. We review the status of experimental realizations of SOC in light of these observations.

/pdf/paths-to-self-organized-criticality-1356094k83.pdf

Paths to self-organized criticality

We introduce a new Monte Carlo method suitable for simulations of chain molecules over a wide range of densities. Results for the equation of state of chains composed of 4, 8, and 16 freely joined hard spheres are compared with the predictions of several theories. The density profile of the fluid in the vicinity of the wall, and the scaling of the pressure with chain length are also discussed.

/pdf/high-density-monte-carlo-simulations-of-chain-molecules-bulk-1y4kgiyvtv.pdf

High density Monte Carlo simulations of chain molecules: Bulk equation of state and density profile near walls

New, accurate equations of state for fluids of chain molecules are derived as generalizations of the well‐known Flory and Flory–Huggins lattice theories to continuous space. Comparison with the results of new Monte Carlo simulations of athermal chains (freely jointed hard disks and spheres), extending over a wide range of densities, reveals that the generalized Flory–Huggins equation of state provides an accurate prediction for the pressure.

/pdf/equation-of-state-for-chain-molecules-continuous-space-qi315vn862.pdf

Ronald Dickman

Papers

Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in Lattice Models

Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions in Lattice Models

Paths to self-organized criticality

High density Monte Carlo simulations of chain molecules: Bulk equation of state and density profile near walls

Equation of state for chain molecules: Continuous‐space analog of Flory theory