다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

How to ... be a reflective practitioner.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. By Prof. Louis Goodman and Prof. Alfred Gilman. Pp. xiii + 1383. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941.) 50s. net.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

A prevalent and pervasive view of designing is that it can be modeled using variables and decisions made about what values should be taken by these variables. The activity of designing is carried out with the expectation that the designed artifact will operate in the natural world and the social world. These worlds impose constraints on the variables and their values; so, design could be described as a goal-oriented, constrained, decision- making activity. However, design distinguish- es itself from other similarly described activities not only by its domain but also by additional necessary features. Designing involves exploration, exploring what variables might be appropriate. The process of explo- ration involves both goal variables and deci- sion variables. In addition, designing involves learning: Part of the exploration activity is learning about emerging features as a design proceeds. Finally, design activity occurs within two contexts: the context within which the designer operates and the context produced by the developing design itself. The designer’s perception of what the context is affects the implication of the context on the design. The context shifts as the designer’s perceptions change. Design activity can be now characterized as a goal-oriented, con- strained, decision-making, exploration, and learning activity that operates within a con- text that depends on the designer’s percep- tion of the context.

Design Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design

A comprehensive life cycle assessment of asphalt pavements was conducted including hot mix asphalt (HMA), warm mix asphalt (WMA) with the addition of synthetic zeolites, and asphalt mixes with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The environmental impacts associated with energy consumption and air emissions were assessed, as well as other environmental impacts resulting from the extraction and processing of minerals, binders and chemical additives; asphalt production; transportation of materials; asphalt paving; road traffic on the pavement; land use; dismantling of the pavement at the end-of-life and its landfill disposal or recycling. Monte Carlo simulations were also conducted to take into account the variability of critical input parameters. Taking into account the entire life cycle, the impacts of zeolite-based WMA pavements were almost equal to the impacts of HMA pavements with the same RAP content. The reduction in the impacts of WMA resulting from the lowering of the manufacturing temperature was offset by the greater impacts of the materials used, especially the impacts of the synthetic zeolites. Moreover, by comparing asphalt mixes with different RAP contents, it was shown that the impacts of asphalt mixes were significantly reduced when RAP was added. All endpoint impacts as well as climate change, fossil depletion and total cumulative energy demand were decreased by 13–14% by adding 15% RAP. A key advantage of WMA is the potentially greater use of RAP. Thus, the decrease in the impacts achieved by adding large amounts of RAP to WMA could turn these asphalt mixes into a good alternative to HMA in environmental terms.

Life cycle assessment of hot mix asphalt and zeolite-based warm mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt pavement

Materials selection for sustainable product design: a case study of wood based furniture eco-design

The aim of this paper is to propose a model that allows us to add value for customer to a product, by means of the integration of the environmental, cost and customer valuation during its design process. This model is based on the combination of three methodologies: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate the environmental requirements, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) to examine the internal and external costs of the product, and Contingent Valuation (CV) to quantify the customer’s value in terms of his/her willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a product that incorporates certain environmental improvements. As a result, it can be concluded that the product value can be increased with the use of a design that reduces simultaneously the environmental impact and external costs besides allowing manufacturer company to follow the maximum profit strategy.

Increasing product value by integrating environmental impact, costs and customer valuation

Highlights? The methodology proposed is a step forward with regard to the classic tools used in scenarios. ? The proposed approach that it aims to use the scenarios' assessment and ranking as a whole. ? The proposal combine Delphi method, soft computing (fuzzy cognitive maps) and multicriteria (TOPSIS) techniques. Scenarios describe events and situations that would occurred in the future real-world. Policy makers use scenario methods as a tool to build landscapes of possible futures at a national level. Based on these future visions, policy and decision-makers are able to explore different courses of action. In recent years, the number of potential scenario methods and applications is increasing. It is because academics and practitioners are increasing their interest about it. In spite of the success of scenario methods' support, scenario-based decision making still is not a fully structured process.The proposed methodology aims to bring methodological support to scenario-based decision making in scenario analysis. The originality of the proposed approach with respect to other ones is that it aims to use the scenarios' assessment and ranking as a whole. Traditional approaches consider the future impact of each present entity in isolation. This assumption is a simplification of a more complex reality, in which different entities interact with each other. The model that the authors propose allows decision and policy makers to measure the impact of a entity interactions. To reach this aim, the proposal combine Delphi method, soft computing (fuzzy cognitive maps) and multicriteria (TOPSIS) techniques. In addition, a numerical example is developed for illustrating the proposal.

Ranking fuzzy cognitive map based scenarios with TOPSIS

Halide perovskites are poised as a game-changing semiconductor system with diverse applications in optoelectronics. Industrial entities aim to commercialize perovskite technologies because of high performance but also because this type of semiconductor can be processed from solution, a feature enabling low cost and fast production. Here, we analyse the health and environmental impacts of eight solvents commonly used in perovskite processing. We consider first- and higher-order ramifications of each solvent on an industrial scale such as solvent production, use/removal, emissions and potential end-of-life treatments. Further, we consider the energy of evaporation for each solvent, air emission, condensation and subsequent incineration, reuse or distillation for solvent recycling, and apply a full end-of-life analysis. For human health impact, we use the ‘USEtox’ method but also consider toxicity data beyond carcinogenic classifications. We find that dimethyl sulfoxide has the lowest total impact, by being the most environmentally friendly and least deleterious to human health of the solvents considered. The analysis of the effects of these solvents on human health and the environment provides guidance for sustainable development of this new technology. Perovskite solar cells could be a game-changing energy technology. However, the solvents involved during fabrication pose sustainability concerns. Here, the authors provide an analysis of human health toxicity and environmental implications of handling solvents, recommending dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the green choice for large-scale production.

Rosario Vidal

Papers

Life cycle assessment of hot mix asphalt and zeolite-based warm mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt pavement

Materials selection for sustainable product design: a case study of wood based furniture eco-design

Increasing product value by integrating environmental impact, costs and customer valuation

Ranking fuzzy cognitive map based scenarios with TOPSIS

Assessing health and environmental impacts of solvents for producing perovskite solar cells