Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.

3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.

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Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology.

Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

Chloroplast-encoded protein as a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in pea plant.

Reduction in the activity and the concentration of the adsorbed enzyme are noted in the experimental data. Two alternative mechanisms, inactivation of the adsorbed enzyme and mass transfer of the enzyme from the bulk solution to the solution within the cellulose fibril where the cellulase is assumed to be inactive, are used to represent the decline in activity. The decline in concentration of the adsorbed enzyme is represented by a modest product inhibition and, more importantly, the assumption that the concentration of the adsorption sites is proportional to the square of the remaining substrate concentration. Measurements of both adsorbed enzyme and product concentration over time are used in determining parameter values. The model is applied to a series of experiments having a 10-fold range of substrate concentration and to an experiment in which the product is removed continuously. For both deactivation mechanisms, a very good representation of product concentration (standard deviation 3.6%) is obtained over the full period (168 h) of hydrolysis; the representation of adsorbed enzyme is, however, less accurate (standard deviation 6.7-6.8%).

A model of enzyme adsorption and hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose with slow deactivation of the adsorbed enzyme

Degradation kinetics of monosaccharides in subcritical water

Encapsulation is a means of isolating a substance from the reactions of the surrounding matter. After encapsulation, the entropy of the isolate decreases; the potency increases and, in some cases, the isolate gains new functions. A variety of methods have been developed to encapsulate various substances, and most are applicable to the encapsulation of lipids. This review focuses on lipid encapsulation in dried polysaccharide and protein matrices, covering why and how to encapsulate lipids, how to evaluate potential wall materials, and how to asses the retardation of lipid oxidation.

Lipid encapsulation technology - techniques and applications to food

Linoleic acid was emulsified with gum arabic or maltodextrin at various weight ratios of the acid to the polysaccharide in the presence or absence of a small-molecule emulsifier. The emulsions were spray-dried to produce microcapsules. Emulsions prepared with gum arabic were smaller in droplet size and more stable than those prepared with maltodextrin, and linoleic acid in a gum arabic-based microcapsule was also most resistant to oxidation than that in a maltodextrin-based microcapsule. Although the oil droplet size in the emulsion with maltodextrin decreased and the emulsion stability was improved by addition of a small-molecule emulsifier to linoleic acid, the oxidative stability of the encapsulated linoleic acid was not significantly improved. Encapsulated linoleic acid of small droplet size oxidized more slowly than that of large droplet size.

Ryuichi Matsuno

Papers

Chloroplast-encoded protein as a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in pea plant.

A model of enzyme adsorption and hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose with slow deactivation of the adsorbed enzyme

Degradation kinetics of monosaccharides in subcritical water

Lipid encapsulation technology - techniques and applications to food

Oxidation of linoleic acid encapsulated with gum arabic or maltodextrin by spray-drying.