Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.

Epidemiological studies have revealed that a diet rich in plant-derived foods has a protective effect on human health. Identifying bioactive dietary constituents is an active area of scientific investigation that may lead to new drug discovery. Kaempferol (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) is a flavonoid found in many edible plants (e.g. tea, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, leek, tomato, strawberries and grapes) and in plants or botanical products commonly used in traditional medicine (e.g. Ginkgo biloba, Tilia spp, Equisetum spp, Moringa oleifera, Sophora japonica and propolis). Some epidemiological studies have found a positive association between the consumption of foods containing kaempferol and a reduced risk of developing several disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that kaempferol and some glycosides of kaempferol have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporotic, estrogenic/antiestrogenic, anxiolytic, analgesic and antiallergic activities. In this article, the distribution of kaempferol in the plant kingdom and its pharmacological properties are reviewed. The pharmacokinetics (e.g. oral bioavailability, metabolism, plasma levels) and safety of kaempferol are also analyzed. This information may help understand the health benefits of kaempferol-containing plants and may contribute to develop this flavonoid as a possible agent for the prevention and treatment of some diseases.

A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol.

Triazole compounds containing three nitrogen atoms in the five-membered aromatic azole ring are readily able to bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological system via diverse non-covalent interactions, and thus display versatile biological activities. The related researches in triazole-based derivatives as medicinal drugs have been an extremely active topic, and numerous excellent achievements have been acquired. Noticeably, a large number of triazole compounds as clinical drugs or candidates have been frequently employed for the treatment of various types of diseases, which have shown their large development value and wide potential as medicinal agents. This work systematically reviewed the recent researches and developments of the whole range of triazole compounds as medicinal drugs, including antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, anticonvulsant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anti-obesitic, antihistaminic, anti-neuropathic, antihypertensive as well as other biological activities. The perspectives of the foreseeable future in the research and development of triazole-based compounds as medicinal drugs are also presented. It is hoped that this review will serve as a stimulant for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic triazole medicinal drugs.

Recent researches in triazole compounds as medicinal drugs.

1,3,4-Thiadiazole: Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications in Medicinal, Agricultural, and Materials Chemistry

Flavonoids and their glycosides, including anthocyanins

A total of 26 species belonging to 14 genera of family Papilionaceae were collected and identified from the research area. The members of this family were found in abundance that is why infective amount of species were identified. Madicago was dominant genus with 6 species, Trifolium with 4 species, Lathyrus with 3 species following by Trigonella and Vicia with 2 species each. The rest of genera i.e Alhaji, Arachis, Cicer, Dalbargia, Erythrina, Melilotus Pisum, Phaseolus and Sesbania were represented by single species each. The reported species of family were include both the wild and cultivated species.15 species (57.7%) were wild and 11 species (42.3%) were cultivated. The reported species of the family Papilionaceae were classified into herbs 20 species (77%) shrubs and under shrubs 4 species (15.3%) and trees 2 species (7.7%).

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Taxonomic study of Family Papilionaceae of District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

An ethnomedicinal survey was conducted in 2013 in Minapin Valley, which is an administratively controlled area of Central Karakorum National Park (CKNP), Gilgit and Baltistan. Seriphidium leucotrichum (Krasch. ex Ladyg.) K. Bremer & Humphries ex R. Ling belonging to family Asteraceae was collected during the survey. According to local inhabitants this species was being used as a remedy of malaria fever. Therefore the species was evaluated in order to verify the statement. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method was used to estimate the Total Phenolic

Antioxidant activity of Seriphidium leucotrichum: an anti malarial plant from Minapin valley, district Hunza-Nagar, Pakistan

The present study was conducted in order to assess the weed flora of Tehsil Manki Sharif, District Nowshera Pakistan during 2013-14. A total of 46 weed species belonging to 21 families and 43 genera were reported from the research area. The dominant family was Asteraceae with 11 species followed by Papilionaceae and Plantagonaceae with four species each. The family Poaceae was represented by four species; Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Brassicaceae were having two species each, while the remaining families shared only one species each. In survey, the dominant life form was therophyle (36 species with 76%), followed by Geophyte (7 species with 15.2%), and hemicryptophyte (4 species with 8.6%). The leaf size spectra showed that mesophylls were the dominant class with 14 species from the study area, followed by microphyll with 10 species and Nanophyll with 8 species.

Diversity of weeds and their ecological characteristics at Tehsil Manki Sharif, District Nowshera, Pakistan.

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Qualitative Analysis for Phytochemicals of Selected Medicinal Plants from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Tamarix nilotica (Tamaricaceae) has led to isolation of methyl ferulate 3-O-sulphate (1) for the first time from natural sources. In addition, coniferyl alcohol 4-O-sulphate (2), kaempferol 4′-methyl ether (3), tamarixetin (4) and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucupyranuronide (5) were isolated from the n-butanol soluble fraction of the extract. The pentacyclic triterpenoid, 3α-(3″,4″-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamoyloxy)-D-friedoolean-14-en-28-oic acid (6) was isolated from the n-hexane soluble fraction of the extract. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including 2 dimensional NMR. Compounds 3, 4 and 6 exhibited 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 35.2, 37.0 and 21.2 μM, respectively.

Sajjad Ali

Papers

Taxonomic study of Family Papilionaceae of District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

Antioxidant activity of Seriphidium leucotrichum: an anti malarial plant from Minapin valley, district Hunza-Nagar, Pakistan

Diversity of weeds and their ecological characteristics at Tehsil Manki Sharif, District Nowshera, Pakistan.

Qualitative Analysis for Phytochemicals of Selected Medicinal Plants from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

A New Ferulic Acid Ester and Other Constituents from Tamarix nilotica Leaves.