Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Urban planning and building smart cities based on the Internet of Things using Big Data analytics

This work aims to provide a review of the routing protocols in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) from routing algorithms to their evaluation approaches. We provide five different taxonomies of routing protocols. First, we classify them based on their transmission strategy into three categories: unicast, geocast, and broadcast ones. Second, we classify them into four categories based on information required to perform routing: topology-, position-, map-, and path-based ones. Third, we identify them in delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant ones. Fourth, we discuss them according to their applicability in different dimensions, i.e., 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D. Finally, we discuss their target networks, i.e., homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. As the evaluation is also a vital part in IoV routing protocol studies, we examine the evaluation approaches, i.e., simulation and real-world experiments. IoV includes not only the traditional vehicular ad hoc networks, which usually involve a small-scale and homogeneous network, but also a much larger scale and heterogeneous one. The composition of classical routing protocols and latest heterogeneous network approaches is a promising topic in the future. This work should motivate IoV researchers, practitioners, and new comers to develop IoV routing protocols and technologies.

Routing in Internet of Vehicles: A Review

Exploiting IoT and big data analytics: Defining Smart Digital City using real-time urban data

Different research communities varying from telecommunication to traffic engineering are working on problems related to vehicular traffic congestion, intelligent transportation systems, and mobility patterns using information collected from a variety of sensors. To test the solutions, the first step is to use a vehicular traffic simulator with an appropriate scenario in order to reproduce realistic mobility patterns. Many mobility simulators are available, and the choice is usually done based on the size and type of simulation required, but a common problem is to find a realistic traffic scenario. In order to evaluate and compare new communication protocols for vehicular networks, it is necessary to use a wireless network simulator in combination with a vehicular traffic simulator. This additional step introduces further requirements for the scenario. The aim of this work is to provide a scenario able to meet all the common requirements in terms of size, realism and duration, in order to have a common basis for the evaluations. In the interest of building a realistic scenario, we decided to start from a real city with a standard topology common in mid-size European cities, and real information concerning traffic demands and mobility patterns. In this paper we show the process used to build the Luxembourg SUMO Traffic (LuST) Scenario, and present a summary of its characteristics together with an overview of its possible use cases.

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Luxembourg SUMO Traffic (LuST) Scenario: 24 hours of mobility for vehicular networking research

The surge in vehicular network research has led, over the last few years, to the proposal of countless network solutions specifically designed for vehicular environments. A vast majority of such solutions has been evaluated by means of simulation, since experimental and analytical approaches are often impractical and intractable, respectively. The reliability of the simulative evaluation is thus paramount to the performance analysis of vehicular networks, and the first distinctive feature that has to be properly accounted for is the mobility of vehicles, i.e., network nodes. Notwithstanding the improvements that vehicular mobility modeling has undergone over the last decade, no vehicular mobility dataset is publicly available today that captures both the macroscopic and microscopic dynamics of road traffic over a large urban region. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset, covering 24 hours of car traffic in a 400- ${\rm km}^{2}$ region around the city of Koln, in Germany. We describe the generation process and outline how the dataset improves the traces currently employed for the simulative evaluation of vehicular networks. We also show the potential impact that such a comprehensive mobility dataset has on the network protocol performance analysis, demonstrating how incomplete representations of vehicular mobility may result in over-optimistic network connectivity and protocol performance.

Generation and Analysis of a Large-Scale Urban Vehicular Mobility Dataset

Simulation is the tool of choice for the large-scale performance evaluation of upcoming telecommunication networking paradigms that involve users aboard vehicles, such as next-generation cellular networks for vehicular access, pure vehicular ad hoc networks, and opportunistic disruption-tolerant networks. The single most distinguishing feature of vehicular networks simulation lies in the mobility of users, which is the result of the interaction of complex macroscopic and microscopic dynamics. Notwithstanding the improvements that vehicular mobility modeling has undergone during the past few years, no car traffic trace is available today that captures both macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of drivers over a large urban region, and does so with the level of detail required for networking research. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset of the car traffic over a typical 24 hours in a 400-km2 region around the city of Koln, in Germany. We outline how our mobility description improves today's existing traces and show the potential impact that a comprehensive representation of vehicular mobility can have one the evaluation of networking technologies.

Large-scale urban vehicular mobility for networking research

As the number of user-managed devices continues to increase, the need for synchronizing multiple file hierarchies distributed over devices with ad hoc connectivity, is becoming a significant problem. In this paper, we propose a new approach for efficient cloud-based synchronization of an arbitrary number of distributed file system hierarchies. Our approach maintains both the advantages of peer-to-peer synchronization with the cloud-based approach that stores a master replica online. In contrast, we do not assume storage of any user's data in the cloud, so we address the related capacity, cost, security, and privacy limitations. Finally, the proposed system performs data synchronization in a peer-to-peer manner, eliminating cost and bandwidth concerns that arise in the “cloud master-replica” approach.

Cloud-based synchronization of distributed file system hierarchies

The management of mobility is commonly regarded as one of the most critical issues in large-scale telecommunication networks. The problem is exacerbated when considering vehicular mobility, which is characterized by road-constrained movements, high speeds, sudden changes of movement direction and acceleration, and significant variations of these dynamics over daytime. The understanding of the properties of car movement patterns becomes then paramount to the design and evaluation of network solutions aimed at vehicular environments. In this paper, we analyze a synthetic representation of road traffic in the metropolitan area of Cologne, Germany, during 24 hours of a typical working day. We extract features of interest from a networking viewpoint, and discuss their impact on the deployment and dimensioning of communication systems for road scenarios.

Insights on metropolitan-scale vehicular mobility from a networking perspective

Managing user mobility is historically one of the most critical issues in cellular radio access networks (RANs). That task will become an even greater challenge due to cellular users on board vehicles and networked cars that autonomously access Internet-based services, whose number is expected to grow dramatically in the next few years. There is thus a need to characterize RAN access from/by vehicles in a similar way to what has been done for traditional pedestrian access. In this paper, we propose a study of the macroscopic and microscopic features of pervasive vehicular access in a case-study large-scale urban environment in the presence of realistic data sets of the road traffic and RAN deployment. We find that pervasive vehicular access is characterized by unique temporal and spatial variability in the urban region, such that it may require a dedicated RAN capacity planning: The presence of stable vehicular access load patterns and mobility flows can help to that end. Moreover, we identify the theoretical distributions that best fit key metrics for RAN planning, i.e., the vehicular users' interarrival and residence times at cells, and discuss how their parameters vary over time and space.

Sandesh Uppoor

Papers

Generation and Analysis of a Large-Scale Urban Vehicular Mobility Dataset

Large-scale urban vehicular mobility for networking research

Cloud-based synchronization of distributed file system hierarchies

Insights on metropolitan-scale vehicular mobility from a networking perspective

Characterizing Pervasive Vehicular Access to the Cellular RAN Infrastructure: An Urban Case Study