Sandra A. Calarota

TL;DR: It is theoretically possible that HIV-1-specific cytotoxic responses to regulatory proteins could lead to infected cells being eliminated before they have released new viral particles, however, it is possible that the patients the authors selected responded less than would non-selected or non-infected individuals.

TL;DR: The initiation of HAART appears to contribute to the induction of new HIV-specific CTL responses, but by itself did not cause obvious re-induction of these activities, and IgG titers were highest in patients immunized with nef DNA.

TL;DR: Based on the potent induction of Gag, Tat and Rev-specific memory T cells, especially in the medium dose cohort, it is speculated that DermaVir boost T cell responses specific to all the 15 HIV antigens expressed from the single DNA might be required for durable immune reactivity.

TL;DR: The principle of ELISPOT assays are described and their application in the evaluation of immune correlates of clinical interest with a focus on the vaccine field is discussed.

TL;DR: The cell-mediated immune responses in natural HIV-1 infection and the induction by DNA vaccination in humans are reviewed, showing DNA vaccination to be effective for the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses as well as for protection from infectious challenge.