자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

While privacy is a highly cherished value, few would argue with the notion that absolute privacy is unattainable. Individuals make choices in which they surrender a certain degree of privacy in exchange for outcomes that are perceived to be worth the risk of information disclosure. This research attempts to better understand the delicate balance between privacy risk beliefs and confidence and enticement beliefs that influence the intention to provide personal information necessary to conduct transactions on the Internet. A theoretical model that incorporated contrary factors representing elements of a privacy calculus was tested using data gathered from 369 respondents. Structural equations modeling (SEM) using LISREL validated the instrument and the proposed model. The results suggest that although Internet privacy concerns inhibit e-commerce transactions, the cumulative influence of Internet trust and personal Internet interest are important factors that can outweigh privacy risk perceptions in the decision to disclose personal information when an individual uses the Internet. These findings provide empirical support for an extended privacy calculus model.

An Extended Privacy Calculus Model for E-Commerce Transactions

To date, many important threads of information privacy research have developed, but these threads have not been woven together into a cohesive fabric. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of privacy-related research in order to enable a more cohesive treatment. With a sample of 320 privacy articles and 128 books and book sections, we classify previous literature in two ways: (1) using an ethics-based nomenclature of normative, purely descriptive, and empirically descriptive, and (2) based on their level of analysis: individual, group, organizational, and societal.

Based upon our analyses via these two classification approaches, we identify three major areas in which previous research contributions reside: the conceptualization of information privacy, the relationship between information privacy and other constructs, and the contextual nature of these relationships.

As we consider these major areas, we draw three overarching conclusions. First, there are many theoretical developments in the body of normative and purely descriptive studies that have not been addressed in empirical research on privacy. Rigorous studies that either trace processes associated with, or test implied assertions from, these value-laden arguments could add great value. Second, some of the levels of analysis have received less attention in certain contexts than have others in the research to date. Future empirical studies-both positivist and interpretive--could profitably be targeted to these under-researched levels of analysis. Third, positivist empirical studies will add the greatest value if they focus on antecedents to privacy concerns and on actual outcomes. In that light, we recommend that researchers be alert to an overarching macro model that we term APCO (Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes).

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Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review

The ethics of physician-patient confidentiality is often fraught with contradictions. Privacy boundaries are not always clear, and patients can leave an interaction with their physicians feeling uncomfortable about the security of their private medical information. The best way to meet confidentiality and privacy management expectations that patients have may not be readily apparent. Without realizing it, a physician may communicate a patient's information in ways that are inconsistent with that person's perceptions of how his/her medical information should be treated. A proposed model is presented as a tool for physicians to better serve the privacy and confidentiality needs of their patients. This model depends on the communication privacy management (CPM) perspective that emerged from a 35-year research program investigating how people regulate and control information they consider private and confidential. A physician's use of this model enables the ability to establish a confidentiality pledge that can address issues in understanding the best way to communicate about privacy management with patients and more likely overcome potential negative outcomes.

Navigating ethics of physician-patient confidentiality: a communication privacy management analysis.

How young adults communicate with multiple generations of family members today includes the use of Facebook to maintain family relationships. This study applies communication privacy management (CPM) theory to explore how young adults interact with and manage private information across different generations of their family through Facebook. Overall, 383 young adult participants completed an online survey about online and offline Facebook communication among siblings, parents, and grandparents. Participants interacted with siblings most often through Facebook, followed by parents, and grandparents. The interior family privacy orientation and Facebook privacy management practices significantly predicted variations of online and offline Facebook communication with siblings, parents, and grandparents about social media. The study also examined different types of Facebook socialization messages that young adults conveyed to family members about effective Facebook interactions and ways to preempt privacy breakd...

Young Adults’ Management of Privacy on Facebook with Multiple Generations of Family Members

In today's world, managing private information is an issue that is discussed frequently, lamented often, and wildly misunderstood. Privacy protection and privacy revelations, deciding to grant or deny access, and determining how much information a person wants to disclose to family members or physicians, all reflect examples of choices people make on a daily basis. With ever-expanding informational technologies, the challenges of making effective choices are heightened. People are more sensitized to decisions about revealing and concealing, not only in online communities, but also in face to face interactions. The need to regulate information individuals consider private has become more apparent. Although many researchers are exploring angles to better understand ways to identify the issues, the evidenced-based, social behavioral theory of communication privacy management (CPM) has proved useful in grasping the many facets of private information management and answers questions about why privacy management is wildly misunderstood.


Keywords:

communication theory;
confidentiality;
disclosure;
family communication;
health communication;
interpersonal theory;
privacy;
social media

Communication Privacy Management

This study explored the communicative experiences of surrogates who served as decision makers for patients who were unable to convey health information and choices about treatment options. Drawing ...

Surrogate decision makers and proxy ownership: challenges of privacy management in health care decision making.

Recently, the National Institute of Health launched the ‘‘Roadmap for Medical Research’’ initiative, which is geared to foster translational research (Zerhouni, 2005). The goal of this initiative is to translate the ‘‘remarkable scientific innovations we are witnessing into health gains for the nation’’ (p. 1621). Although this is a new approach in medicine, since 1998 communication scholars have advocated the need for translational practices. The decision of the JACR editor, Tim Sellnow, to publish a series of Commentaries provides an occasion to assess how our discipline has embraced the spirit of translational research 10 years after our first introduction to the concept. The four commentaries to be published in this series highlight the translational research advances made in our discipline. From the 1998 NCA pre-conference that introduced the concept of ‘‘translating research into practice,’’ the 1999 JACR special issue on translational research, the many programs found in the 2001 Western States Communication Association conference dedicated to the theme of research into practice, the 2002 WSCA presidential address, and invited essays in WJC in 1994 1997 on defining evidence, we have grown in our understanding and recognition of the critical nature translational research plays in our world today (Petronio, 1998, 1999, 2002). We have become more sophisticated in the way we think about research translation. We recognize that in order to address everyday problems we need to go beyond the knowledge discovery of the basic research enterprise to interpret and apply research outcomes in an effort to develop effective practices for the betterment of everyday life. Progressing from knowledge discovery to translating results through interpreting, decoding, and deciphering helps locate executable practices that reflect the best kind of knowledge utilization (Petronio, 1999). The most important aspect of translational research is that we yield more than application: we create ways in which to implement new systems, procedures, or routines predicated on research findings that are geared toward developing functional practices to improve our lives.

/pdf/jacr-commentaries-on-translating-research-into-practice-1tovd6cjzi.pdf

Sandra Petronio

Papers

Navigating ethics of physician-patient confidentiality: a communication privacy management analysis.

Young Adults’ Management of Privacy on Facebook with Multiple Generations of Family Members

Communication Privacy Management

Surrogate decision makers and proxy ownership: challenges of privacy management in health care decision making.

JACR Commentaries on Translating Research into Practice: Introduction