Structured lipids (SLs) are lipids that have been chemically or enzymatically modified from their natural biosynthetic form. Because SLs are made to possess desired nutritional, physicochemical, or textural properties for various applications in the food industry, many research activities have been aimed at their commercialization. The production of SLs by enzymatic procedures has a great potential in the future market because of the specificity of lipases and phospholipases used as the biocatalysts. The aim of this review is to provide concise information on the recent research trends on the enzymatic synthesis of SLs of commercial interest, such as medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols, human milk fat substitutes, cocoa butter equivalents, trans-free or low-trans plastic fats (such as margarines and shortenings), low-calorie fats/oils, health-beneficial fatty acid-rich fats/oils, mono- or diacylglycerols, and structurally modified phospholipids. This limited review covers 108 research articles published between 2010 and 2014 which were searched in Web of Science.

Recent Research Trends on the Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids

Encapsulation of an astaxanthin-containing lipid extract from shrimp waste by complex coacervation using a novel gelatin–cashew gum complex

Nanoencapsulation techniques for compounds and products with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity - A critical view

Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on complex coacervates formation with gelatin: Coacervates characterization, stabilization and formation mechanism

Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities.

The research work was aimed at the development of a process to yield gelatin-gum Arabic multinuclear microcapsules of krill oil (KO), via complex coacervation. On the basis of the experimental results of the screening trials, a three-level-by-three-factor Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the effects of the ratio of the core material to the wall (RCW; x1), the stirring speed (SP; x2) and the pH (x3) on the encapsulation efficiency (EE). The experimental findings indicated that x3 has the most significant linear and quadratic effects on the EE of KO and a bilinear effect with x1, whereas x2 did not have any significant effect. The optimal conditions for a 92% of EE were: 1.75:1 for RCW, 3.8 for pH and 3 for SP. The microcapsules, formed by complex coacervation and without any cross-linking agent, were multinucleated, circular in shape and had sufficient stability to maintain their structure.

Microencapsulation of krill oil using complex coacervation.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and characterization of flaxseed oil-based structured lipids

Key Points Question Is ω-3–phospholipid/free fatty acid (ω-3–PL/FFA), a naturally derived krill oil with both free fatty acid and phospholipid ω-3s, an effective and safe treatment for severe hypertriglyceridemia? Findings In pooled data from 2 randomized clinical trials including 520 patients, blood triglyceride levels were reduced by 26.0% in the ω-3–PL/FFA group and 15.1% in the placebo group at 12 weeks, for a significant mean treatment difference that persisted at 26 weeks. ω-3–PL/FFA was well tolerated, with a safety profile similar to that of placebo. Meaning This study found that ω-3–PL/FFA reduced triglyceride levels and was safe and well tolerated in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2787655/mozaffarian_2022_oi_211165_1640272037.69327.pdf

Effectiveness of a Novel ω-3 Krill Oil Agent in Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia

The synthesis of medium-long-medium type structured lipids (SL) by the interesterification of tricaprylin (TC) and trilinolenin (TLN), using selected commercial lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) and Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) was investigated. Although the bioconversion yield (BY) for Lipozyme RM IM (24.7 %) was close to that for Novozym 435 (24.0 %), the initial enzyme activity was 6.3 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min and 1.6 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min, respectively. Lipozyme RM IM was subsequently selected for further investigation. The structural analyses of SL indicated that the major products were 1,3-dicapryl-2-linolenyl glycerol (CLnC) and 1(3)-capryl-2,3(1)-dilinolenyl glycerol (CLnLn). In order to optimize the BY, selected parameters were investigated. The experimental results showed that using hexane as the reaction medium, at an initial water activity (aw) of 0.06, 10 mg solid enzyme/mL, substrate molar ratio of TC to TLN of 6:1 and a reaction time of 9 h, resulted in the highest BY (73.2 %). Using the optimized conditions, the effects of TLN concentration and other selective parameters, including the denaturation of the enzyme, controlling the aw and the addition of silica gel, on the mass productivity (PM), enzymatic productivity (PE) and volumetric productivity (PV) of the interesterification reaction, were also investigated.

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-Long-Medium Type Structured Lipids Using Tricaprylin and Trilinolenin as Substrate Models

a b s t r a c t The optimization of the enzymatic transesterification in solvent-free medium (SFM) of krill oil with selected phenolic acids (PAs), using two immobilized lipases, was investigated. The use of Novozym 435 with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid resulted in the highest bioconversion yield (BY). The central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of the PA concentration (PAC) and lipase concentration (LC) as well as the agitation speed (AS) on the BY of phenolic lipids. The initial findings indicated that the stationary point was a saddle point. To overcome this saddle point, sequential exper- iments have been carried out at fixed PAC, with LC and AS as the two independent variables. For the models with PAC, fixed at 10 and 20 mM, the results revealed that LC had a significant quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the %BY, whereas a significant linear effect was only obtained at PAC fixed at 20 mM. The AS had a significant quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the %BY only for the model with PAC fixed at 10 mM. At fixed PAC of 20 mM, the response surface model predicted a BY of 75%, using a LC of 62 mg/mL and an AS of 154 rpm. The subsequent verification experiment carried out under these conditions confirmed the validity of the prediction.

Sarya Aziz

Papers

Microencapsulation of krill oil using complex coacervation.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis and characterization of flaxseed oil-based structured lipids

Effectiveness of a Novel ω-3 Krill Oil Agent in Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-Long-Medium Type Structured Lipids Using Tricaprylin and Trilinolenin as Substrate Models

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of krill oil and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid in solvent-free medium using response surface methodology